Welding terms are the technical words used to describe welding processes, equipment, and techniques. Common examples include MIG welding, TIG welding, arc welding, and weld pool.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Contents<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n- A\u2013F<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
- G\u2013L<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
- M\u2013R<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
- S\u2013Z<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
- How Welding Terms Help You Choose the Right Equipment<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
How to Use This Welding Glossary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
If you\u2019re new to welding, start by understanding the primary welding processes, including MIG, TIG, and arc welding.
If you\u2019re more experienced, use this glossary as a quick reference for specific terms or techniques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A<\/h2>\n\n\n\nPopular \u201cA\u201d welding terms:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nActive fluxes, AC current, arc welding, arc length<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Active Fluxes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nActive fluxes are materials used during welding that alter the chemical composition of the weld metal. They are typically used in controlled applications where weld properties need to be adjusted, usually in single or limited multi-pass welds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Acceptable Weld<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
An acceptable weld is one that meets the required standards or specifications for strength, quality, and appearance, based on the application.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Actual Throat<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The actual throat is the shortest distance between the weld root and the face of a fillet weld. It is a key measurement used to determine weld strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Aging<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Aging is a process where metals or alloys are held at room temperature or reheated after shaping, improving strength and hardness. This is often used to increase stability through controlled structural changes.
Related: heat treatment processes<\/em> guide<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\nAir Carbon Arc Cutting<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A cutting process that removes molten metal using a carbon electrode and a jet of compressed air. It is commonly used for gouging, weld removal, and surface preparation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Air Hardening<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Air hardening refers to steels that harden when cooled in air after being heated above a critical temperature. This process can increase strength but may be less effective on thicker materials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Allotropic<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A material is allotropic when it can exist in different crystal structures depending on temperature. This affects how metals behave during heating and cooling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Allotropic Change<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
An allotropic change is the transformation of a metal from one crystal structure to another, resulting in different physical properties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Alternating Current (AC)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Alternating current (AC) is an electrical current that changes direction periodically. In welding, it is commonly used for aluminium TIG welding due to its ability to manage oxide layers.
View AC\/DC TIG welders<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nAmpere<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
An ampere (amp) is the unit used to measure electrical current. In welding, amperage directly affects heat input and weld penetration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Anneal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Annealing is a heat treatment process where metal is heated and then slowly cooled to reduce hardness and relieve internal stresses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Annealing<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Annealing refers to the process of applying heat treatment to improve ductility, reduce brittleness, and make materials easier to machine or form.
Explore pre- and post-weld heat treatment equipment<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nArc Blow<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Arc blow occurs when magnetic forces deflect the welding arc, making it unstable and harder to control. It is more common when using direct current (DC).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Arc Energy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Arc energy refers to the amount of heat generated during welding. It influences weld penetration, bead shape, and overall weld quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Arc Length<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Arc length is the distance between the electrode and the workpiece. Maintaining the correct arc length is critical for consistent weld quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Arc Time<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Arc time is the total time during which the welding arc is active while creating a weld.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Arc Voltage<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Arc voltage is the electrical potential across the welding arc. It affects arc stability and weld bead characteristics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Arc Welding<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Arc welding is a group of welding processes that use an electric arc to join metals. It can be performed with or without filler material, depending on the method.
Browse arc welding machines for sale<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nArc Welding Electrode<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
An electrode is the component that conducts electrical current to the arc and may also supply filler material, depending on the welding process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Arc Welding Gun<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A welding gun is used in processes like MIG welding to feed wire, transfer current, and direct shielding gas to the weld area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Arc Welding Torch<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A welding torch is typically used in TIG welding to hold the electrode and control the arc and shielding gas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
As-Cast Structure<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The structure of a metal in its original form after casting, before any further processing such as rolling or forging.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
As-Welded<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Describes the condition of a weld immediately after welding, before any additional treatments such as heat treatment or machining.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Austenite<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Austenite is a high-temperature crystal structure found in steel and certain alloys. It plays a key role in determining mechanical properties during heating and cooling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"close](\"https:\/\/www.westermans.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/tig-welding-1024x683.webp\")
<\/a>Fine TIG welding stainless steel tube<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\nB<\/h2>\n\n\n\nPopular \u201cB\u201d welding terms:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nBack gouging, bevel, blowhole, brazing, base metal<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Back Gouging<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Back gouging is the removal of weld metal from the reverse side of a joint to ensure full penetration and improve weld quality when welding from the opposite side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Backhand Welding<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Backhand welding is a technique where the torch or welding gun is directed back towards the completed weld. It is often used for better control and penetration in certain applications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Backing Ring<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A backing ring is a support placed behind a weld joint, commonly used in pipe welding to help achieve proper penetration and consistent weld formation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Base Metal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Base metal is the material being welded, cut, or joined. Its composition determines the welding process, filler material, and settings required.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bevel<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A bevel is an angled edge prepared on a workpiece to allow deeper weld penetration and stronger joints.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bevel Angle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The bevel angle is the angle between the prepared edge of a material and a reference surface. It plays an important role in weld penetration and joint strength.
Common in plasma cutting and edge preparation, view our range of bevelling equipment.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nBevel Cutting<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Bevel cutting is a cutting technique where the torch is angled to create a sloped edge on the material, often used to prepare joints for welding.
Explore plasma cutting solutions<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nBevel Groove Weld<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A bevel groove weld is a type of weld made in a joint where one or both pieces have been bevelled to allow full penetration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Binary Alloy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A binary alloy is a metal made from two elements. The combination of these elements affects strength, corrosion resistance, and weldability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Blowhole<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A blowhole is a weld defect caused by trapped gas within the weld metal. It appears as small cavities and can weaken the weld if not controlled.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bonded Fluxes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Bonded fluxes are manufactured by combining powdered materials and baking them at low temperatures. They allow additional alloying elements to be added during welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Braze<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Brazing is a metal joining process where a filler metal is melted and drawn into a joint without melting the base metals. It is commonly used for joining dissimilar materials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Brittleness<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Brittleness is the tendency of a material to fracture suddenly without significant deformation. This can be a concern in weld quality and material selection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Buildup<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Buildup is the process of adding material to a surface to restore size, shape, or function. It is often used in repair or wear-resistant applications.
Related: cladding and hard-facing<\/em> guide.<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\nC<\/h2>\n\n\n\nPopular \u201cC\u201d welding terms:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nCarbon steel, cladding, current, consumables, cracking<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Carbide<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A carbide is a compound formed between carbon and another element, creating a very hard and wear-resistant material.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Carbide Precipitation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Carbide precipitation occurs when carbon atoms combine with metals (such as chromium) during heating and cooling, forming carbides at grain boundaries. This can affect corrosion resistance, particularly in stainless steels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Carbon Steel<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Carbon steel is a widely used metal where strength and properties are primarily determined by its carbon content. It is commonly used in fabrication and welding applications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Case Hardening<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Case hardening is a heat treatment process that creates a hard outer surface while maintaining a softer, tougher core. The depth of hardness depends on treatment time.
Related: heat treatment equipment<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nCast Steel<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cast steel is a metal that has been melted and poured into a mould, then cooled to form a solid shape.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cellulose<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cellulose is an organic compound used in some welding electrodes. It helps produce shielding gases and influences arc characteristics during welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cementite<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cementite is a hard compound of iron and carbon (Fe\u2083C) found in steel. It contributes to hardness and brittleness in metal structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Chip Test<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A chip test is a method used to identify metals by chipping the surface and observing the structure beneath.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Chopper<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A chopper is a type of plasma power source that uses semiconductor switching to efficiently control electrical output.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cladding<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cladding is the process of applying a layer of material to a surface to improve corrosion resistance, wear resistance, or strength.
Used with weld cladding and overlay machines<\/em>.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\nClear Puddle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A clear puddle refers to molten weld metal that is free from slag or instability, making it easier to control during the welding process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Coating Concentricity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Coating concentricity refers to the evenness of the coating applied around an electrode core. Consistency is important for stable arc performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Coefficient of Friction<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The coefficient of friction measures how easily one surface slides over another. Lower values indicate less resistance and wear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cold Drawing<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cold drawing is the process of pulling metal through a die to reduce its size at temperatures below its recrystallisation point.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cold Rolling<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cold rolling reduces the thickness of metal by passing it through rollers at low temperatures. Improving strength and surface finish.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cold Working<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cold working refers to permanently deforming metal below its recrystallisation temperature, increasing strength through work hardening.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Complete Fusion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Complete fusion occurs when the weld metal fully bonds with the base metal across the joint. Ensuring structural integrity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Complete Joint Penetration<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Complete joint penetration is when the weld extends through the full thickness of the joint. Creating maximum strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Composite Electrode<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A composite electrode is made from multiple materials combined to improve weld properties such as stability, shielding, or strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Compressive Strength<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Compressive strength is the ability of a material to resist forces that attempt to crush or compress it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Conductor<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A conductor is a material that allows electricity to flow easily. Metals are commonly used as conductors in welding systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Constant Current<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A constant current (CC) power source maintains a steady amperage even when the voltage changes. It is commonly used in processes like stick welding.
Explore welding power sources<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nConstant Voltage<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A constant voltage (CV) power source maintains a stable voltage while allowing current to vary. It is typically used in MIG welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Constricted Arc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A constricted arc is a focused plasma arc that is shaped by the nozzle, producing a narrow, high-energy cutting or welding stream.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Consumables<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Consumables are parts that wear out during welding or cutting, such as electrodes, nozzles, and shielding components.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Contact Tip<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A contact tip transfers electrical current to the welding wire in MIG or flux-cored welding systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Contact Tube<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A contact tube is a component that delivers electrical current to a continuous electrode.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Contact Tube Setback<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Contact tube setback is the distance between the contact tip and the end of the nozzle. Affecting arc stability and performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Convex Fillet Weld<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A convex fillet weld has a curved outward surface, which can affect strength and stress distribution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Convexity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Convexity refers to the height of a weld bead above the surface, measured from the weld face.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Covered Electrode<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A covered electrode is a welding rod coated with flux to provide shielding, stabilise the arc, and improve weld quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Crack<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A crack is a fracture in a weld or material that can compromise structural integrity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Crater<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A crater is a small depression left at the end of a weld bead, which can lead to cracking if not properly filled.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Creep<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Creep is the slow deformation of a material under prolonged stress, especially at high temperatures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Critical Cooling Rate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The critical cooling rate is the speed at which metal must cool to achieve a specific microstructure, such as full hardening.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cryogenic Temperatures<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cryogenic temperatures refer to extremely low temperatures and are typically associated with liquefied gases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Current (Welding Current)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Welding current is the flow of electricity used to generate the arc. It directly affects penetration, heat input, and weld quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Current Density<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Current density is the amount of electrical current flowing through a given cross-sectional area. Higher density results in deeper penetration and a more concentrated arc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cut Angle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The cut angle is the angle created during cutting processes such as plasma cutting. It affects edge quality and weld preparation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cutting Gas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cutting gas is directed through the torch to form a plasma or flame that enables cutting. It also helps remove molten material from the cut.
Read more in our guide.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nCylindrical Nozzle Design<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A cylindrical nozzle design controls the flow of gas in cutting or welding equipment, affecting arc shape and performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Contact](\"https:\/\/www.westermans.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/contact-filler.webp\")
<\/a>Get in touch with the team<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\nD<\/h3>\n\n\n\nPopular \u201cD\u201d welding terms:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nDCEN, DCEP, defect, dilution, distortion, duty cycle<\/p>\n\n\n\n
DCEN (Direct Current Electrode Negative)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
DCEN is a welding setup where the electrode is negative, and the workpiece is positive. It provides deeper penetration and is commonly used in TIG welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
DCEP (Direct Current Electrode Positive)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
DCEP is a welding setup where the electrode is positive, and the workpiece is negative. It produces a wider, shallower weld and is often used in stick welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Defect<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A defect is a flaw in a weld or material that prevents it from meeting required standards or specifications. Common examples include cracks, porosity, and lack of fusion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Deoxidisers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Deoxidisers are elements such as manganese, silicon, or aluminium added during welding to prevent oxygen from forming defects like porosity in the weld metal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Deposited Metal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Deposited metal is the filler material added during welding, brazing, or soldering to form the weld.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Deposition Efficiency<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Deposition efficiency measures the quantity of the electrode material that becomes part of the weld, expressed as a percentage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Deposition Rate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The deposition rate refers to the amount of weld metal deposited over a period of time. Typically measured in weight per hour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Depth of Bevel<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The depth of bevel is the distance from the surface of the base metal to the root of the prepared edge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Depth of Fusion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Depth of fusion refers to how deep the weld penetrates into the base metal or previous weld layer. Greater depth generally improves weld strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Digging<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Digging describes an arc characteristic that produces strong penetration into the base metal, often seen with certain electrode types.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dilution<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Dilution is the mixing of base metal with filler metal during welding. It affects the final chemical composition and properties of the weld.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Direct Current (DC)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Direct current is an electrical current that flows in one direction. In welding, it is widely used for stable arcs and controlled heat input.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Discontinuity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A discontinuity is any irregularity in a material\u2019s structure. Not all discontinuities are defects, but they may affect performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Distortion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Distortion is the unwanted change in shape caused by heat during welding. It occurs as the metal expands and contracts during heating and cooling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Divergency<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Divergency refers to the tapered section of a cutting nozzle that helps control gas flow and improve cutting speed and quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Double Arcing<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Double arcing occurs when the arc splits and attaches to both the nozzle and the workpiece, reducing cutting efficiency and potentially damaging equipment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Downhill Welding<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Downhill welding is a technique where the weld progresses downward. It is often faster but requires control to maintain weld quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Drag<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Drag is the offset between the entry and exit points of the cutting arc or gas stream. It is influenced by cutting speed, pressure, and material thickness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Drag Angle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Drag angle is the angle between the cutting jet and the surface of the material. It affects cut quality and edge finish.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dross<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Dross is solidified molten metal that sticks to the edge of a cut. It often needs to be removed to achieve a clean finished result.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ductility<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Ductility is the ability of a material to deform without breaking. Materials with high ductility are less likely to crack under stress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Duty Cycle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Duty cycle refers to how long a welding machine can operate at a given output within a 10-minute period before needing to cool down.
Learn more about welding machine duty cycles<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nE<\/h2>\n\n\n\nPopular \u201cE\u201d welding terms:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nEdge preparation, electrode, elasticity, electrical stick-out, elongation<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Edge Preparation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Edge preparation is the process of preparing the edges of materials before welding. This can include cutting, cleaning, or beveling to ensure proper fit-up and strong weld penetration.
Used with pipe saws, bevelling machines and edge prep tools<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nEffective Throat<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The effective throat is the minimum distance between the weld root and the face of a fillet weld, excluding any excess convexity. It is used to determine weld strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Elastic Limit<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The elastic limit is the maximum stress a material can withstand without permanent deformation. Beyond this point, the material will not return to its original shape.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Elasticity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Elasticity is the ability of a material to return to its original shape after being deformed by a load.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Electrical Stick-Out (Electrode Stick Out)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Electrical stick-out is the distance between the contact tip and the unmelted end of the wire in welding. It affects heat input, penetration, and the shape of the weld bead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Electrode<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
An electrode is the component that carries electrical current to create the welding arc. In many processes, it also supplies filler material to form the weld.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Electrode Coating<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Electrode coating is the layer applied to a welding rod that stabilises the arc, protects the weld pool from contamination, and improves weld quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Electrode Core Wire<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The electrode core wire is the metal wire at the centre of a coated electrode. Its diameter determines the electrode size.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Electrode Extension<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Electrode extension is the length of wire extending beyond the contact tip. It influences heat input and welding performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Electrode Holder<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
An electrode holder is a device used to grip the electrode and conduct electrical current during welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Electron<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
An electron is a negatively charged particle that moves around the nucleus of an atom. The movement of electrons creates an electrical current.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Element<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
An element is a basic substance that cannot be broken down further. Metals used in welding are often combinations of multiple elements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Elongation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Elongation measures how much a material can stretch before breaking. It is usually expressed as a percentage of the original length.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Endurance Limit<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The endurance limit is the maximum stress a material can withstand repeatedly without failing over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Erratic Arc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
An erratic arc is unstable and difficult to control, often resulting in inconsistent weld quality and poor bead formation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Eutectic Alloy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A eutectic alloy is a mixture of metals that melts and solidifies at a single, lower temperature than its individual components.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Extrusion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Extrusion is a manufacturing process where material is forced through a shaped die to create a specific cross-section.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
F<\/h2>\n\n\n\nPopular \u201cF\u201d welding terms: <\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Fillet weld, filler metal, flux, fusion, fatigue failure, flat welding position.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Face (Weld Face)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe weld face is the visible surface of a weld bead between the weld toes. It plays a key role in weld profile, strength, and inspection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Face Bend Test<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA weld test where the weld face is placed on the outer (convex) side during bending to assess ductility and detect surface defects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Face Reinforcement<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nExcess weld metal deposited above the surface of the base material on the weld face. Controlled reinforcement can improve strength, but too much may require grinding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fatigue Failure<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nFailure of a material caused by repeated or cyclic loading, often occurring below the material\u2019s ultimate tensile strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fatigue Limit<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe maximum stress a material can withstand indefinitely without failure under repeated loading conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fatigue Strength<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe ability of a material to resist failure under cyclic or fluctuating stresses over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ferrite<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA soft, ductile crystal structure found in low-carbon steels at room temperature, contributing to formability and toughness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ferrite in Austenitic Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA small amount of ferrite in austenitic weld metal can improve crack resistance by refining the grain structure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ferrite Number (FN)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA standardised measure of ferrite content in stainless steel weld metal, used to predict weld performance and crack resistance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ferrous Metals<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nMetals that contain iron, including carbon steel, alloy steels, and stainless steels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Filler Metal<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe metal that\u2019s added during welding, brazing, or soldering to form the joint.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Filler Wire<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nFiller metal that\u2019s supplied as a wire, typically used in MIG, TIG, and automated welding processes. Wire type and diameter depend on the application.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fillet Weld<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA weld with a triangular cross-section that\u2019s used to join surfaces at right angles, commonly found in T-joints, lap joints, and corner joints.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fillet Weld Leg<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe distance from the root of the joint to the toe of the fillet weld.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fillet Weld Size<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe dimensions of a fillet weld; typically defined by its leg length or throat thickness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Flame Spraying (FLSP)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA thermal spraying process where material is melted using an oxy-fuel flame and projected onto a surface for coating or repair.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Flashback<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA dangerous condition in which the flame travels back into the torch, potentially causing equipment damage or explosion if not controlled.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Flat Welding Position (PA Position)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA welding position where the weld is performed from above, with the weld axis horizontal. This is the easiest and most controlled welding position.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Flux (Welding Flux)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA substance used in welding to protect the molten weld pool from contamination by removing oxides and preventing atmospheric exposure. Used in processes like submerged arc welding<\/strong> and flux-cored welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\nRead our full breakdown of the submerged arc welding process.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nFlux Cored Electrodes (FCAW Wire)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA tubular wire filled with flux material that provides shielding and improves weld quality. Commonly used in fabrication and structural welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Flux Voids<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nAreas within a flux-cored electrode where flux is missing, potentially leading to weld defects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Forging<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA manufacturing process where metal is shaped using compressive forces, often improving strength and grain structure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Forehand Welding (Push Technique)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA welding technique where the torch or gun is directed in the direction of travel, producing a flatter, wider weld bead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Friction Stir Welding (FSW)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA solid-state welding process where a rotating tool generates heat through friction to join materials without melting them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fuel Efficiency (Oxy-Fuel Welding)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA measure of how effectively fuel gas is used in welding or cutting operations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Full Annealing<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA heat treatment process that softens metal by heating it above its critical temperature and cooling it slowly to improve ductility and machinability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fumes (Welding Fumes)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nAirborne particles that are produced during welding or cutting. Proper extraction systems are essential for safety and compliance with HSE regulations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
See our range of fume extractors in stock now.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nFused Fluxes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nFluxes that are produced by melting raw materials, then cooling and crushing them into particles. Known for low moisture absorption and consistent performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fusion (Welding Fusion)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe process of melting and joining base metal (with or without filler metal) to form a weld.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fusion Zone<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe area of base metal that has melted and solidified during welding, forming part of the weld joint.<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"mig](\"https:\/\/www.westermans.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/close-up-mig-welding-fumes-1024x683.webp\")
<\/a>Welding fume while MIG welding<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\nG<\/h3>\n\n\n\nPopular \u201cG\u201d welding terms:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
GMAW (MIG welding), GTAW (TIG welding), gas nozzle, gas regulator, globular transfer, groove angle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Galling<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA form of wear caused by friction between sliding metal surfaces, where material transfers and surfaces seize or tear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gas Ions<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nIonised shielding gas particles that help to conduct electricity and stabilise the welding arc between the electrode and workpiece.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gas Nozzle<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe component at the end of a welding torch that directs shielding gas to protect the weld pool from contamination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW\/MIG Welding)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA welding process where an electric arc forms between a continuously fed wire electrode and the workpiece. Shielding is provided by an external gas such as argon or CO\u2082. Commonly referred to as MIG welding<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\nSee our latest range of MIG welders for sale.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nGas Regulator<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA device used to control and maintain consistent gas pressure from a cylinder to the welding torch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW \/ TIG Welding)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA precise welding process using a non-consumable tungsten electrode and shielding gas. Commonly known as TIG welding<\/strong>, it produces clean, high-quality welds.<\/p>\n\n\n\nView all of our TIG welders in stock.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nGlobular Transfer<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA metal transfer mode in MIG welding where molten droplets detach irregularly and fall into the weld pool, often producing more spatter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Globular Transfer Mode<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA specific transfer type where the droplet size is larger than the electrode diameter and transfer is inconsistent, typically at medium currents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gray Iron (Grey Iron)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA cast iron containing 2\u20134% carbon, where carbon exists as graphite flakes, giving it good machinability but lower ductility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Groove Angle<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe total included angle between the prepared edges of a joint prior to welding. It affects penetration and weld quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H<\/h2>\n\n\n\nPopular \u201cH\u201d welding terms:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Heat-affected zone (HAZ), heat treatment, high frequency (HF), high alloy steel, hot crack, horizontal welding position, <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hadfield Steel<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA high-manganese austenitic steel known for its exceptional impact resistance and work hardening properties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hafnium<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA metal commonly used in plasma cutting electrodes due to its ability to withstand high temperatures and provide stable arc performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hardenable Steel<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nSteel that can be hardened through rapid cooling (quenching), increasing strength and wear resistance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hardening<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA heat treatment process where steel is heated and then rapidly cooled to increase hardness and strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Harsh Arc<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA welding arc that is unstable, noisy, and produces excessive spatter, often caused by incorrect settings or poor parameters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Heat Affected Zone (HAZ)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe area of base metal that does not melt during welding but undergoes structural changes due to heat. This zone can become brittle if cooled too quickly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Heat Shield<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA component at the front of a cutting or welding torch that provides electrical insulation and helps direct shielding gas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Heat Treatment<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nControlled heating and cooling of metals to alter their mechanical properties. Often used before or after welding (e.g. preheat or PWHT).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
How to Use This Welding Glossary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
If you\u2019re new to welding, start by understanding the primary welding processes, including MIG, TIG, and arc welding.
If you\u2019re more experienced, use this glossary as a quick reference for specific terms or techniques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A<\/h2>\n\n\n\nPopular \u201cA\u201d welding terms:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nActive fluxes, AC current, arc welding, arc length<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Active Fluxes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nActive fluxes are materials used during welding that alter the chemical composition of the weld metal. They are typically used in controlled applications where weld properties need to be adjusted, usually in single or limited multi-pass welds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Acceptable Weld<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
An acceptable weld is one that meets the required standards or specifications for strength, quality, and appearance, based on the application.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Actual Throat<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The actual throat is the shortest distance between the weld root and the face of a fillet weld. It is a key measurement used to determine weld strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Aging<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Aging is a process where metals or alloys are held at room temperature or reheated after shaping, improving strength and hardness. This is often used to increase stability through controlled structural changes.
Related: heat treatment processes<\/em> guide<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\nAir Carbon Arc Cutting<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A cutting process that removes molten metal using a carbon electrode and a jet of compressed air. It is commonly used for gouging, weld removal, and surface preparation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Air Hardening<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Air hardening refers to steels that harden when cooled in air after being heated above a critical temperature. This process can increase strength but may be less effective on thicker materials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Allotropic<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A material is allotropic when it can exist in different crystal structures depending on temperature. This affects how metals behave during heating and cooling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Allotropic Change<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
An allotropic change is the transformation of a metal from one crystal structure to another, resulting in different physical properties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Alternating Current (AC)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Alternating current (AC) is an electrical current that changes direction periodically. In welding, it is commonly used for aluminium TIG welding due to its ability to manage oxide layers.
View AC\/DC TIG welders<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nAmpere<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
An ampere (amp) is the unit used to measure electrical current. In welding, amperage directly affects heat input and weld penetration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Anneal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Annealing is a heat treatment process where metal is heated and then slowly cooled to reduce hardness and relieve internal stresses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Annealing<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Annealing refers to the process of applying heat treatment to improve ductility, reduce brittleness, and make materials easier to machine or form.
Explore pre- and post-weld heat treatment equipment<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nArc Blow<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Arc blow occurs when magnetic forces deflect the welding arc, making it unstable and harder to control. It is more common when using direct current (DC).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Arc Energy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Arc energy refers to the amount of heat generated during welding. It influences weld penetration, bead shape, and overall weld quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Arc Length<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Arc length is the distance between the electrode and the workpiece. Maintaining the correct arc length is critical for consistent weld quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Arc Time<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Arc time is the total time during which the welding arc is active while creating a weld.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Arc Voltage<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Arc voltage is the electrical potential across the welding arc. It affects arc stability and weld bead characteristics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Arc Welding<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Arc welding is a group of welding processes that use an electric arc to join metals. It can be performed with or without filler material, depending on the method.
Browse arc welding machines for sale<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nArc Welding Electrode<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
An electrode is the component that conducts electrical current to the arc and may also supply filler material, depending on the welding process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Arc Welding Gun<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A welding gun is used in processes like MIG welding to feed wire, transfer current, and direct shielding gas to the weld area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Arc Welding Torch<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A welding torch is typically used in TIG welding to hold the electrode and control the arc and shielding gas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
As-Cast Structure<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The structure of a metal in its original form after casting, before any further processing such as rolling or forging.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
As-Welded<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Describes the condition of a weld immediately after welding, before any additional treatments such as heat treatment or machining.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Austenite<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Austenite is a high-temperature crystal structure found in steel and certain alloys. It plays a key role in determining mechanical properties during heating and cooling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/a>Fine TIG welding stainless steel tube<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\nB<\/h2>\n\n\n\nPopular \u201cB\u201d welding terms:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nBack gouging, bevel, blowhole, brazing, base metal<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Back Gouging<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Back gouging is the removal of weld metal from the reverse side of a joint to ensure full penetration and improve weld quality when welding from the opposite side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Backhand Welding<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Backhand welding is a technique where the torch or welding gun is directed back towards the completed weld. It is often used for better control and penetration in certain applications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Backing Ring<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A backing ring is a support placed behind a weld joint, commonly used in pipe welding to help achieve proper penetration and consistent weld formation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Base Metal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Base metal is the material being welded, cut, or joined. Its composition determines the welding process, filler material, and settings required.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bevel<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A bevel is an angled edge prepared on a workpiece to allow deeper weld penetration and stronger joints.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bevel Angle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The bevel angle is the angle between the prepared edge of a material and a reference surface. It plays an important role in weld penetration and joint strength.
Common in plasma cutting and edge preparation, view our range of bevelling equipment.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nBevel Cutting<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Bevel cutting is a cutting technique where the torch is angled to create a sloped edge on the material, often used to prepare joints for welding.
Explore plasma cutting solutions<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nBevel Groove Weld<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A bevel groove weld is a type of weld made in a joint where one or both pieces have been bevelled to allow full penetration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Binary Alloy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A binary alloy is a metal made from two elements. The combination of these elements affects strength, corrosion resistance, and weldability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Blowhole<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A blowhole is a weld defect caused by trapped gas within the weld metal. It appears as small cavities and can weaken the weld if not controlled.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bonded Fluxes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Bonded fluxes are manufactured by combining powdered materials and baking them at low temperatures. They allow additional alloying elements to be added during welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Braze<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Brazing is a metal joining process where a filler metal is melted and drawn into a joint without melting the base metals. It is commonly used for joining dissimilar materials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Brittleness<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Brittleness is the tendency of a material to fracture suddenly without significant deformation. This can be a concern in weld quality and material selection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Buildup<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Buildup is the process of adding material to a surface to restore size, shape, or function. It is often used in repair or wear-resistant applications.
Related: cladding and hard-facing<\/em> guide.<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\nC<\/h2>\n\n\n\nPopular \u201cC\u201d welding terms:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nCarbon steel, cladding, current, consumables, cracking<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Carbide<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A carbide is a compound formed between carbon and another element, creating a very hard and wear-resistant material.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Carbide Precipitation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Carbide precipitation occurs when carbon atoms combine with metals (such as chromium) during heating and cooling, forming carbides at grain boundaries. This can affect corrosion resistance, particularly in stainless steels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Carbon Steel<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Carbon steel is a widely used metal where strength and properties are primarily determined by its carbon content. It is commonly used in fabrication and welding applications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Case Hardening<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Case hardening is a heat treatment process that creates a hard outer surface while maintaining a softer, tougher core. The depth of hardness depends on treatment time.
Related: heat treatment equipment<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nCast Steel<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cast steel is a metal that has been melted and poured into a mould, then cooled to form a solid shape.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cellulose<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cellulose is an organic compound used in some welding electrodes. It helps produce shielding gases and influences arc characteristics during welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cementite<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cementite is a hard compound of iron and carbon (Fe\u2083C) found in steel. It contributes to hardness and brittleness in metal structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Chip Test<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A chip test is a method used to identify metals by chipping the surface and observing the structure beneath.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Chopper<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A chopper is a type of plasma power source that uses semiconductor switching to efficiently control electrical output.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cladding<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cladding is the process of applying a layer of material to a surface to improve corrosion resistance, wear resistance, or strength.
Used with weld cladding and overlay machines<\/em>.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\nClear Puddle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A clear puddle refers to molten weld metal that is free from slag or instability, making it easier to control during the welding process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Coating Concentricity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Coating concentricity refers to the evenness of the coating applied around an electrode core. Consistency is important for stable arc performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Coefficient of Friction<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The coefficient of friction measures how easily one surface slides over another. Lower values indicate less resistance and wear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cold Drawing<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cold drawing is the process of pulling metal through a die to reduce its size at temperatures below its recrystallisation point.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cold Rolling<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cold rolling reduces the thickness of metal by passing it through rollers at low temperatures. Improving strength and surface finish.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cold Working<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cold working refers to permanently deforming metal below its recrystallisation temperature, increasing strength through work hardening.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Complete Fusion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Complete fusion occurs when the weld metal fully bonds with the base metal across the joint. Ensuring structural integrity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Complete Joint Penetration<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Complete joint penetration is when the weld extends through the full thickness of the joint. Creating maximum strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Composite Electrode<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A composite electrode is made from multiple materials combined to improve weld properties such as stability, shielding, or strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Compressive Strength<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Compressive strength is the ability of a material to resist forces that attempt to crush or compress it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Conductor<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A conductor is a material that allows electricity to flow easily. Metals are commonly used as conductors in welding systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Constant Current<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A constant current (CC) power source maintains a steady amperage even when the voltage changes. It is commonly used in processes like stick welding.
Explore welding power sources<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nConstant Voltage<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A constant voltage (CV) power source maintains a stable voltage while allowing current to vary. It is typically used in MIG welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Constricted Arc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A constricted arc is a focused plasma arc that is shaped by the nozzle, producing a narrow, high-energy cutting or welding stream.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Consumables<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Consumables are parts that wear out during welding or cutting, such as electrodes, nozzles, and shielding components.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Contact Tip<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A contact tip transfers electrical current to the welding wire in MIG or flux-cored welding systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Contact Tube<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A contact tube is a component that delivers electrical current to a continuous electrode.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Contact Tube Setback<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Contact tube setback is the distance between the contact tip and the end of the nozzle. Affecting arc stability and performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Convex Fillet Weld<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A convex fillet weld has a curved outward surface, which can affect strength and stress distribution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Convexity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Convexity refers to the height of a weld bead above the surface, measured from the weld face.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Covered Electrode<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A covered electrode is a welding rod coated with flux to provide shielding, stabilise the arc, and improve weld quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Crack<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A crack is a fracture in a weld or material that can compromise structural integrity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Crater<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A crater is a small depression left at the end of a weld bead, which can lead to cracking if not properly filled.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Creep<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Creep is the slow deformation of a material under prolonged stress, especially at high temperatures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Critical Cooling Rate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The critical cooling rate is the speed at which metal must cool to achieve a specific microstructure, such as full hardening.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cryogenic Temperatures<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cryogenic temperatures refer to extremely low temperatures and are typically associated with liquefied gases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Current (Welding Current)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Welding current is the flow of electricity used to generate the arc. It directly affects penetration, heat input, and weld quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Current Density<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Current density is the amount of electrical current flowing through a given cross-sectional area. Higher density results in deeper penetration and a more concentrated arc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cut Angle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The cut angle is the angle created during cutting processes such as plasma cutting. It affects edge quality and weld preparation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cutting Gas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cutting gas is directed through the torch to form a plasma or flame that enables cutting. It also helps remove molten material from the cut.
Read more in our guide.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nCylindrical Nozzle Design<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A cylindrical nozzle design controls the flow of gas in cutting or welding equipment, affecting arc shape and performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/a>Get in touch with the team<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\nD<\/h3>\n\n\n\nPopular \u201cD\u201d welding terms:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nDCEN, DCEP, defect, dilution, distortion, duty cycle<\/p>\n\n\n\n
DCEN (Direct Current Electrode Negative)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
DCEN is a welding setup where the electrode is negative, and the workpiece is positive. It provides deeper penetration and is commonly used in TIG welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
DCEP (Direct Current Electrode Positive)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
DCEP is a welding setup where the electrode is positive, and the workpiece is negative. It produces a wider, shallower weld and is often used in stick welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Defect<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A defect is a flaw in a weld or material that prevents it from meeting required standards or specifications. Common examples include cracks, porosity, and lack of fusion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Deoxidisers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Deoxidisers are elements such as manganese, silicon, or aluminium added during welding to prevent oxygen from forming defects like porosity in the weld metal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Deposited Metal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Deposited metal is the filler material added during welding, brazing, or soldering to form the weld.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Deposition Efficiency<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Deposition efficiency measures the quantity of the electrode material that becomes part of the weld, expressed as a percentage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Deposition Rate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The deposition rate refers to the amount of weld metal deposited over a period of time. Typically measured in weight per hour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Depth of Bevel<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The depth of bevel is the distance from the surface of the base metal to the root of the prepared edge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Depth of Fusion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Depth of fusion refers to how deep the weld penetrates into the base metal or previous weld layer. Greater depth generally improves weld strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Digging<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Digging describes an arc characteristic that produces strong penetration into the base metal, often seen with certain electrode types.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dilution<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Dilution is the mixing of base metal with filler metal during welding. It affects the final chemical composition and properties of the weld.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Direct Current (DC)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Direct current is an electrical current that flows in one direction. In welding, it is widely used for stable arcs and controlled heat input.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Discontinuity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A discontinuity is any irregularity in a material\u2019s structure. Not all discontinuities are defects, but they may affect performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Distortion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Distortion is the unwanted change in shape caused by heat during welding. It occurs as the metal expands and contracts during heating and cooling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Divergency<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Divergency refers to the tapered section of a cutting nozzle that helps control gas flow and improve cutting speed and quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Double Arcing<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Double arcing occurs when the arc splits and attaches to both the nozzle and the workpiece, reducing cutting efficiency and potentially damaging equipment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Downhill Welding<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Downhill welding is a technique where the weld progresses downward. It is often faster but requires control to maintain weld quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Drag<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Drag is the offset between the entry and exit points of the cutting arc or gas stream. It is influenced by cutting speed, pressure, and material thickness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Drag Angle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Drag angle is the angle between the cutting jet and the surface of the material. It affects cut quality and edge finish.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dross<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Dross is solidified molten metal that sticks to the edge of a cut. It often needs to be removed to achieve a clean finished result.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ductility<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Ductility is the ability of a material to deform without breaking. Materials with high ductility are less likely to crack under stress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Duty Cycle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Duty cycle refers to how long a welding machine can operate at a given output within a 10-minute period before needing to cool down.
Learn more about welding machine duty cycles<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nE<\/h2>\n\n\n\nPopular \u201cE\u201d welding terms:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nEdge preparation, electrode, elasticity, electrical stick-out, elongation<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Edge Preparation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Edge preparation is the process of preparing the edges of materials before welding. This can include cutting, cleaning, or beveling to ensure proper fit-up and strong weld penetration.
Used with pipe saws, bevelling machines and edge prep tools<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nEffective Throat<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The effective throat is the minimum distance between the weld root and the face of a fillet weld, excluding any excess convexity. It is used to determine weld strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Elastic Limit<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The elastic limit is the maximum stress a material can withstand without permanent deformation. Beyond this point, the material will not return to its original shape.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Elasticity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Elasticity is the ability of a material to return to its original shape after being deformed by a load.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Electrical Stick-Out (Electrode Stick Out)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Electrical stick-out is the distance between the contact tip and the unmelted end of the wire in welding. It affects heat input, penetration, and the shape of the weld bead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Electrode<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
An electrode is the component that carries electrical current to create the welding arc. In many processes, it also supplies filler material to form the weld.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Electrode Coating<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Electrode coating is the layer applied to a welding rod that stabilises the arc, protects the weld pool from contamination, and improves weld quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Electrode Core Wire<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The electrode core wire is the metal wire at the centre of a coated electrode. Its diameter determines the electrode size.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Electrode Extension<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Electrode extension is the length of wire extending beyond the contact tip. It influences heat input and welding performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Electrode Holder<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
An electrode holder is a device used to grip the electrode and conduct electrical current during welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Electron<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
An electron is a negatively charged particle that moves around the nucleus of an atom. The movement of electrons creates an electrical current.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Element<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
An element is a basic substance that cannot be broken down further. Metals used in welding are often combinations of multiple elements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Elongation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Elongation measures how much a material can stretch before breaking. It is usually expressed as a percentage of the original length.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Endurance Limit<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The endurance limit is the maximum stress a material can withstand repeatedly without failing over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Erratic Arc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
An erratic arc is unstable and difficult to control, often resulting in inconsistent weld quality and poor bead formation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Eutectic Alloy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A eutectic alloy is a mixture of metals that melts and solidifies at a single, lower temperature than its individual components.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Extrusion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Extrusion is a manufacturing process where material is forced through a shaped die to create a specific cross-section.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
F<\/h2>\n\n\n\nPopular \u201cF\u201d welding terms: <\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Fillet weld, filler metal, flux, fusion, fatigue failure, flat welding position.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Face (Weld Face)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe weld face is the visible surface of a weld bead between the weld toes. It plays a key role in weld profile, strength, and inspection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Face Bend Test<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA weld test where the weld face is placed on the outer (convex) side during bending to assess ductility and detect surface defects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Face Reinforcement<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nExcess weld metal deposited above the surface of the base material on the weld face. Controlled reinforcement can improve strength, but too much may require grinding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fatigue Failure<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nFailure of a material caused by repeated or cyclic loading, often occurring below the material\u2019s ultimate tensile strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fatigue Limit<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe maximum stress a material can withstand indefinitely without failure under repeated loading conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fatigue Strength<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe ability of a material to resist failure under cyclic or fluctuating stresses over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ferrite<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA soft, ductile crystal structure found in low-carbon steels at room temperature, contributing to formability and toughness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ferrite in Austenitic Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA small amount of ferrite in austenitic weld metal can improve crack resistance by refining the grain structure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ferrite Number (FN)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA standardised measure of ferrite content in stainless steel weld metal, used to predict weld performance and crack resistance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ferrous Metals<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nMetals that contain iron, including carbon steel, alloy steels, and stainless steels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Filler Metal<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe metal that\u2019s added during welding, brazing, or soldering to form the joint.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Filler Wire<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nFiller metal that\u2019s supplied as a wire, typically used in MIG, TIG, and automated welding processes. Wire type and diameter depend on the application.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fillet Weld<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA weld with a triangular cross-section that\u2019s used to join surfaces at right angles, commonly found in T-joints, lap joints, and corner joints.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fillet Weld Leg<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe distance from the root of the joint to the toe of the fillet weld.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fillet Weld Size<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe dimensions of a fillet weld; typically defined by its leg length or throat thickness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Flame Spraying (FLSP)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA thermal spraying process where material is melted using an oxy-fuel flame and projected onto a surface for coating or repair.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Flashback<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA dangerous condition in which the flame travels back into the torch, potentially causing equipment damage or explosion if not controlled.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Flat Welding Position (PA Position)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA welding position where the weld is performed from above, with the weld axis horizontal. This is the easiest and most controlled welding position.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Flux (Welding Flux)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA substance used in welding to protect the molten weld pool from contamination by removing oxides and preventing atmospheric exposure. Used in processes like submerged arc welding<\/strong> and flux-cored welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\nRead our full breakdown of the submerged arc welding process.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nFlux Cored Electrodes (FCAW Wire)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA tubular wire filled with flux material that provides shielding and improves weld quality. Commonly used in fabrication and structural welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Flux Voids<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nAreas within a flux-cored electrode where flux is missing, potentially leading to weld defects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Forging<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA manufacturing process where metal is shaped using compressive forces, often improving strength and grain structure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Forehand Welding (Push Technique)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA welding technique where the torch or gun is directed in the direction of travel, producing a flatter, wider weld bead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Friction Stir Welding (FSW)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA solid-state welding process where a rotating tool generates heat through friction to join materials without melting them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fuel Efficiency (Oxy-Fuel Welding)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA measure of how effectively fuel gas is used in welding or cutting operations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Full Annealing<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA heat treatment process that softens metal by heating it above its critical temperature and cooling it slowly to improve ductility and machinability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fumes (Welding Fumes)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nAirborne particles that are produced during welding or cutting. Proper extraction systems are essential for safety and compliance with HSE regulations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
See our range of fume extractors in stock now.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nFused Fluxes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nFluxes that are produced by melting raw materials, then cooling and crushing them into particles. Known for low moisture absorption and consistent performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fusion (Welding Fusion)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe process of melting and joining base metal (with or without filler metal) to form a weld.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fusion Zone<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe area of base metal that has melted and solidified during welding, forming part of the weld joint.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/a>Welding fume while MIG welding<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\nG<\/h3>\n\n\n\nPopular \u201cG\u201d welding terms:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
GMAW (MIG welding), GTAW (TIG welding), gas nozzle, gas regulator, globular transfer, groove angle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Galling<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA form of wear caused by friction between sliding metal surfaces, where material transfers and surfaces seize or tear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gas Ions<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nIonised shielding gas particles that help to conduct electricity and stabilise the welding arc between the electrode and workpiece.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gas Nozzle<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe component at the end of a welding torch that directs shielding gas to protect the weld pool from contamination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW\/MIG Welding)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA welding process where an electric arc forms between a continuously fed wire electrode and the workpiece. Shielding is provided by an external gas such as argon or CO\u2082. Commonly referred to as MIG welding<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\nSee our latest range of MIG welders for sale.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nGas Regulator<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA device used to control and maintain consistent gas pressure from a cylinder to the welding torch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW \/ TIG Welding)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA precise welding process using a non-consumable tungsten electrode and shielding gas. Commonly known as TIG welding<\/strong>, it produces clean, high-quality welds.<\/p>\n\n\n\nView all of our TIG welders in stock.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nGlobular Transfer<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA metal transfer mode in MIG welding where molten droplets detach irregularly and fall into the weld pool, often producing more spatter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Globular Transfer Mode<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA specific transfer type where the droplet size is larger than the electrode diameter and transfer is inconsistent, typically at medium currents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gray Iron (Grey Iron)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA cast iron containing 2\u20134% carbon, where carbon exists as graphite flakes, giving it good machinability but lower ductility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Groove Angle<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe total included angle between the prepared edges of a joint prior to welding. It affects penetration and weld quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H<\/h2>\n\n\n\nPopular \u201cH\u201d welding terms:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Heat-affected zone (HAZ), heat treatment, high frequency (HF), high alloy steel, hot crack, horizontal welding position, <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hadfield Steel<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA high-manganese austenitic steel known for its exceptional impact resistance and work hardening properties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hafnium<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA metal commonly used in plasma cutting electrodes due to its ability to withstand high temperatures and provide stable arc performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hardenable Steel<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nSteel that can be hardened through rapid cooling (quenching), increasing strength and wear resistance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hardening<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA heat treatment process where steel is heated and then rapidly cooled to increase hardness and strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Harsh Arc<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA welding arc that is unstable, noisy, and produces excessive spatter, often caused by incorrect settings or poor parameters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Heat Affected Zone (HAZ)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe area of base metal that does not melt during welding but undergoes structural changes due to heat. This zone can become brittle if cooled too quickly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Heat Shield<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA component at the front of a cutting or welding torch that provides electrical insulation and helps direct shielding gas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Heat Treatment<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nControlled heating and cooling of metals to alter their mechanical properties. Often used before or after welding (e.g. preheat or PWHT).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Active fluxes, AC current, arc welding, arc length<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Active Fluxes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nActive fluxes are materials used during welding that alter the chemical composition of the weld metal. They are typically used in controlled applications where weld properties need to be adjusted, usually in single or limited multi-pass welds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Acceptable Weld<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
An acceptable weld is one that meets the required standards or specifications for strength, quality, and appearance, based on the application.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Actual Throat<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The actual throat is the shortest distance between the weld root and the face of a fillet weld. It is a key measurement used to determine weld strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Aging<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Aging is a process where metals or alloys are held at room temperature or reheated after shaping, improving strength and hardness. This is often used to increase stability through controlled structural changes.
Related: heat treatment processes<\/em> guide<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\nAir Carbon Arc Cutting<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A cutting process that removes molten metal using a carbon electrode and a jet of compressed air. It is commonly used for gouging, weld removal, and surface preparation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Air Hardening<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Air hardening refers to steels that harden when cooled in air after being heated above a critical temperature. This process can increase strength but may be less effective on thicker materials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Allotropic<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A material is allotropic when it can exist in different crystal structures depending on temperature. This affects how metals behave during heating and cooling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Allotropic Change<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
An allotropic change is the transformation of a metal from one crystal structure to another, resulting in different physical properties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Alternating Current (AC)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Alternating current (AC) is an electrical current that changes direction periodically. In welding, it is commonly used for aluminium TIG welding due to its ability to manage oxide layers.
View AC\/DC TIG welders<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nAmpere<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
An ampere (amp) is the unit used to measure electrical current. In welding, amperage directly affects heat input and weld penetration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Anneal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Annealing is a heat treatment process where metal is heated and then slowly cooled to reduce hardness and relieve internal stresses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Annealing<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Annealing refers to the process of applying heat treatment to improve ductility, reduce brittleness, and make materials easier to machine or form.
Explore pre- and post-weld heat treatment equipment<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nArc Blow<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Arc blow occurs when magnetic forces deflect the welding arc, making it unstable and harder to control. It is more common when using direct current (DC).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Arc Energy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Arc energy refers to the amount of heat generated during welding. It influences weld penetration, bead shape, and overall weld quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Arc Length<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Arc length is the distance between the electrode and the workpiece. Maintaining the correct arc length is critical for consistent weld quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Arc Time<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Arc time is the total time during which the welding arc is active while creating a weld.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Arc Voltage<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Arc voltage is the electrical potential across the welding arc. It affects arc stability and weld bead characteristics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Arc Welding<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Arc welding is a group of welding processes that use an electric arc to join metals. It can be performed with or without filler material, depending on the method.
Browse arc welding machines for sale<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nArc Welding Electrode<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
An electrode is the component that conducts electrical current to the arc and may also supply filler material, depending on the welding process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Arc Welding Gun<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A welding gun is used in processes like MIG welding to feed wire, transfer current, and direct shielding gas to the weld area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Arc Welding Torch<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A welding torch is typically used in TIG welding to hold the electrode and control the arc and shielding gas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
As-Cast Structure<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The structure of a metal in its original form after casting, before any further processing such as rolling or forging.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
As-Welded<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Describes the condition of a weld immediately after welding, before any additional treatments such as heat treatment or machining.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Austenite<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Austenite is a high-temperature crystal structure found in steel and certain alloys. It plays a key role in determining mechanical properties during heating and cooling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/a>Fine TIG welding stainless steel tube<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\nB<\/h2>\n\n\n\nPopular \u201cB\u201d welding terms:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nBack gouging, bevel, blowhole, brazing, base metal<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Back Gouging<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Back gouging is the removal of weld metal from the reverse side of a joint to ensure full penetration and improve weld quality when welding from the opposite side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Backhand Welding<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Backhand welding is a technique where the torch or welding gun is directed back towards the completed weld. It is often used for better control and penetration in certain applications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Backing Ring<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A backing ring is a support placed behind a weld joint, commonly used in pipe welding to help achieve proper penetration and consistent weld formation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Base Metal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Base metal is the material being welded, cut, or joined. Its composition determines the welding process, filler material, and settings required.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bevel<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A bevel is an angled edge prepared on a workpiece to allow deeper weld penetration and stronger joints.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bevel Angle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The bevel angle is the angle between the prepared edge of a material and a reference surface. It plays an important role in weld penetration and joint strength.
Common in plasma cutting and edge preparation, view our range of bevelling equipment.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nBevel Cutting<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Bevel cutting is a cutting technique where the torch is angled to create a sloped edge on the material, often used to prepare joints for welding.
Explore plasma cutting solutions<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nBevel Groove Weld<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A bevel groove weld is a type of weld made in a joint where one or both pieces have been bevelled to allow full penetration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Binary Alloy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A binary alloy is a metal made from two elements. The combination of these elements affects strength, corrosion resistance, and weldability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Blowhole<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A blowhole is a weld defect caused by trapped gas within the weld metal. It appears as small cavities and can weaken the weld if not controlled.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bonded Fluxes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Bonded fluxes are manufactured by combining powdered materials and baking them at low temperatures. They allow additional alloying elements to be added during welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Braze<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Brazing is a metal joining process where a filler metal is melted and drawn into a joint without melting the base metals. It is commonly used for joining dissimilar materials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Brittleness<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Brittleness is the tendency of a material to fracture suddenly without significant deformation. This can be a concern in weld quality and material selection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Buildup<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Buildup is the process of adding material to a surface to restore size, shape, or function. It is often used in repair or wear-resistant applications.
Related: cladding and hard-facing<\/em> guide.<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\nC<\/h2>\n\n\n\nPopular \u201cC\u201d welding terms:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nCarbon steel, cladding, current, consumables, cracking<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Carbide<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A carbide is a compound formed between carbon and another element, creating a very hard and wear-resistant material.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Carbide Precipitation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Carbide precipitation occurs when carbon atoms combine with metals (such as chromium) during heating and cooling, forming carbides at grain boundaries. This can affect corrosion resistance, particularly in stainless steels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Carbon Steel<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Carbon steel is a widely used metal where strength and properties are primarily determined by its carbon content. It is commonly used in fabrication and welding applications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Case Hardening<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Case hardening is a heat treatment process that creates a hard outer surface while maintaining a softer, tougher core. The depth of hardness depends on treatment time.
Related: heat treatment equipment<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nCast Steel<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cast steel is a metal that has been melted and poured into a mould, then cooled to form a solid shape.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cellulose<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cellulose is an organic compound used in some welding electrodes. It helps produce shielding gases and influences arc characteristics during welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cementite<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cementite is a hard compound of iron and carbon (Fe\u2083C) found in steel. It contributes to hardness and brittleness in metal structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Chip Test<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A chip test is a method used to identify metals by chipping the surface and observing the structure beneath.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Chopper<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A chopper is a type of plasma power source that uses semiconductor switching to efficiently control electrical output.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cladding<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cladding is the process of applying a layer of material to a surface to improve corrosion resistance, wear resistance, or strength.
Used with weld cladding and overlay machines<\/em>.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\nClear Puddle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A clear puddle refers to molten weld metal that is free from slag or instability, making it easier to control during the welding process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Coating Concentricity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Coating concentricity refers to the evenness of the coating applied around an electrode core. Consistency is important for stable arc performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Coefficient of Friction<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The coefficient of friction measures how easily one surface slides over another. Lower values indicate less resistance and wear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cold Drawing<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cold drawing is the process of pulling metal through a die to reduce its size at temperatures below its recrystallisation point.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cold Rolling<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cold rolling reduces the thickness of metal by passing it through rollers at low temperatures. Improving strength and surface finish.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cold Working<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cold working refers to permanently deforming metal below its recrystallisation temperature, increasing strength through work hardening.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Complete Fusion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Complete fusion occurs when the weld metal fully bonds with the base metal across the joint. Ensuring structural integrity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Complete Joint Penetration<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Complete joint penetration is when the weld extends through the full thickness of the joint. Creating maximum strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Composite Electrode<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A composite electrode is made from multiple materials combined to improve weld properties such as stability, shielding, or strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Compressive Strength<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Compressive strength is the ability of a material to resist forces that attempt to crush or compress it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Conductor<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A conductor is a material that allows electricity to flow easily. Metals are commonly used as conductors in welding systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Constant Current<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A constant current (CC) power source maintains a steady amperage even when the voltage changes. It is commonly used in processes like stick welding.
Explore welding power sources<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nConstant Voltage<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A constant voltage (CV) power source maintains a stable voltage while allowing current to vary. It is typically used in MIG welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Constricted Arc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A constricted arc is a focused plasma arc that is shaped by the nozzle, producing a narrow, high-energy cutting or welding stream.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Consumables<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Consumables are parts that wear out during welding or cutting, such as electrodes, nozzles, and shielding components.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Contact Tip<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A contact tip transfers electrical current to the welding wire in MIG or flux-cored welding systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Contact Tube<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A contact tube is a component that delivers electrical current to a continuous electrode.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Contact Tube Setback<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Contact tube setback is the distance between the contact tip and the end of the nozzle. Affecting arc stability and performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Convex Fillet Weld<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A convex fillet weld has a curved outward surface, which can affect strength and stress distribution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Convexity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Convexity refers to the height of a weld bead above the surface, measured from the weld face.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Covered Electrode<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A covered electrode is a welding rod coated with flux to provide shielding, stabilise the arc, and improve weld quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Crack<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A crack is a fracture in a weld or material that can compromise structural integrity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Crater<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A crater is a small depression left at the end of a weld bead, which can lead to cracking if not properly filled.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Creep<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Creep is the slow deformation of a material under prolonged stress, especially at high temperatures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Critical Cooling Rate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The critical cooling rate is the speed at which metal must cool to achieve a specific microstructure, such as full hardening.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cryogenic Temperatures<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cryogenic temperatures refer to extremely low temperatures and are typically associated with liquefied gases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Current (Welding Current)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Welding current is the flow of electricity used to generate the arc. It directly affects penetration, heat input, and weld quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Current Density<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Current density is the amount of electrical current flowing through a given cross-sectional area. Higher density results in deeper penetration and a more concentrated arc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cut Angle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The cut angle is the angle created during cutting processes such as plasma cutting. It affects edge quality and weld preparation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cutting Gas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cutting gas is directed through the torch to form a plasma or flame that enables cutting. It also helps remove molten material from the cut.
Read more in our guide.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nCylindrical Nozzle Design<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A cylindrical nozzle design controls the flow of gas in cutting or welding equipment, affecting arc shape and performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/a>Get in touch with the team<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\nD<\/h3>\n\n\n\nPopular \u201cD\u201d welding terms:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nDCEN, DCEP, defect, dilution, distortion, duty cycle<\/p>\n\n\n\n
DCEN (Direct Current Electrode Negative)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
DCEN is a welding setup where the electrode is negative, and the workpiece is positive. It provides deeper penetration and is commonly used in TIG welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
DCEP (Direct Current Electrode Positive)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
DCEP is a welding setup where the electrode is positive, and the workpiece is negative. It produces a wider, shallower weld and is often used in stick welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Defect<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A defect is a flaw in a weld or material that prevents it from meeting required standards or specifications. Common examples include cracks, porosity, and lack of fusion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Deoxidisers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Deoxidisers are elements such as manganese, silicon, or aluminium added during welding to prevent oxygen from forming defects like porosity in the weld metal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Deposited Metal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Deposited metal is the filler material added during welding, brazing, or soldering to form the weld.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Deposition Efficiency<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Deposition efficiency measures the quantity of the electrode material that becomes part of the weld, expressed as a percentage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Deposition Rate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The deposition rate refers to the amount of weld metal deposited over a period of time. Typically measured in weight per hour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Depth of Bevel<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The depth of bevel is the distance from the surface of the base metal to the root of the prepared edge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Depth of Fusion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Depth of fusion refers to how deep the weld penetrates into the base metal or previous weld layer. Greater depth generally improves weld strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Digging<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Digging describes an arc characteristic that produces strong penetration into the base metal, often seen with certain electrode types.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dilution<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Dilution is the mixing of base metal with filler metal during welding. It affects the final chemical composition and properties of the weld.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Direct Current (DC)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Direct current is an electrical current that flows in one direction. In welding, it is widely used for stable arcs and controlled heat input.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Discontinuity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A discontinuity is any irregularity in a material\u2019s structure. Not all discontinuities are defects, but they may affect performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Distortion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Distortion is the unwanted change in shape caused by heat during welding. It occurs as the metal expands and contracts during heating and cooling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Divergency<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Divergency refers to the tapered section of a cutting nozzle that helps control gas flow and improve cutting speed and quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Double Arcing<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Double arcing occurs when the arc splits and attaches to both the nozzle and the workpiece, reducing cutting efficiency and potentially damaging equipment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Downhill Welding<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Downhill welding is a technique where the weld progresses downward. It is often faster but requires control to maintain weld quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Drag<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Drag is the offset between the entry and exit points of the cutting arc or gas stream. It is influenced by cutting speed, pressure, and material thickness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Drag Angle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Drag angle is the angle between the cutting jet and the surface of the material. It affects cut quality and edge finish.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dross<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Dross is solidified molten metal that sticks to the edge of a cut. It often needs to be removed to achieve a clean finished result.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ductility<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Ductility is the ability of a material to deform without breaking. Materials with high ductility are less likely to crack under stress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Duty Cycle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Duty cycle refers to how long a welding machine can operate at a given output within a 10-minute period before needing to cool down.
Learn more about welding machine duty cycles<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nE<\/h2>\n\n\n\nPopular \u201cE\u201d welding terms:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nEdge preparation, electrode, elasticity, electrical stick-out, elongation<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Edge Preparation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Edge preparation is the process of preparing the edges of materials before welding. This can include cutting, cleaning, or beveling to ensure proper fit-up and strong weld penetration.
Used with pipe saws, bevelling machines and edge prep tools<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nEffective Throat<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The effective throat is the minimum distance between the weld root and the face of a fillet weld, excluding any excess convexity. It is used to determine weld strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Elastic Limit<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The elastic limit is the maximum stress a material can withstand without permanent deformation. Beyond this point, the material will not return to its original shape.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Elasticity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Elasticity is the ability of a material to return to its original shape after being deformed by a load.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Electrical Stick-Out (Electrode Stick Out)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Electrical stick-out is the distance between the contact tip and the unmelted end of the wire in welding. It affects heat input, penetration, and the shape of the weld bead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Electrode<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
An electrode is the component that carries electrical current to create the welding arc. In many processes, it also supplies filler material to form the weld.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Electrode Coating<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Electrode coating is the layer applied to a welding rod that stabilises the arc, protects the weld pool from contamination, and improves weld quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Electrode Core Wire<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The electrode core wire is the metal wire at the centre of a coated electrode. Its diameter determines the electrode size.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Electrode Extension<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Electrode extension is the length of wire extending beyond the contact tip. It influences heat input and welding performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Electrode Holder<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
An electrode holder is a device used to grip the electrode and conduct electrical current during welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Electron<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
An electron is a negatively charged particle that moves around the nucleus of an atom. The movement of electrons creates an electrical current.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Element<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
An element is a basic substance that cannot be broken down further. Metals used in welding are often combinations of multiple elements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Elongation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Elongation measures how much a material can stretch before breaking. It is usually expressed as a percentage of the original length.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Endurance Limit<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The endurance limit is the maximum stress a material can withstand repeatedly without failing over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Erratic Arc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
An erratic arc is unstable and difficult to control, often resulting in inconsistent weld quality and poor bead formation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Eutectic Alloy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A eutectic alloy is a mixture of metals that melts and solidifies at a single, lower temperature than its individual components.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Extrusion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Extrusion is a manufacturing process where material is forced through a shaped die to create a specific cross-section.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
F<\/h2>\n\n\n\nPopular \u201cF\u201d welding terms: <\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Fillet weld, filler metal, flux, fusion, fatigue failure, flat welding position.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Face (Weld Face)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe weld face is the visible surface of a weld bead between the weld toes. It plays a key role in weld profile, strength, and inspection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Face Bend Test<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA weld test where the weld face is placed on the outer (convex) side during bending to assess ductility and detect surface defects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Face Reinforcement<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nExcess weld metal deposited above the surface of the base material on the weld face. Controlled reinforcement can improve strength, but too much may require grinding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fatigue Failure<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nFailure of a material caused by repeated or cyclic loading, often occurring below the material\u2019s ultimate tensile strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fatigue Limit<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe maximum stress a material can withstand indefinitely without failure under repeated loading conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fatigue Strength<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe ability of a material to resist failure under cyclic or fluctuating stresses over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ferrite<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA soft, ductile crystal structure found in low-carbon steels at room temperature, contributing to formability and toughness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ferrite in Austenitic Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA small amount of ferrite in austenitic weld metal can improve crack resistance by refining the grain structure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ferrite Number (FN)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA standardised measure of ferrite content in stainless steel weld metal, used to predict weld performance and crack resistance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ferrous Metals<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nMetals that contain iron, including carbon steel, alloy steels, and stainless steels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Filler Metal<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe metal that\u2019s added during welding, brazing, or soldering to form the joint.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Filler Wire<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nFiller metal that\u2019s supplied as a wire, typically used in MIG, TIG, and automated welding processes. Wire type and diameter depend on the application.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fillet Weld<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA weld with a triangular cross-section that\u2019s used to join surfaces at right angles, commonly found in T-joints, lap joints, and corner joints.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fillet Weld Leg<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe distance from the root of the joint to the toe of the fillet weld.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fillet Weld Size<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe dimensions of a fillet weld; typically defined by its leg length or throat thickness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Flame Spraying (FLSP)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA thermal spraying process where material is melted using an oxy-fuel flame and projected onto a surface for coating or repair.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Flashback<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA dangerous condition in which the flame travels back into the torch, potentially causing equipment damage or explosion if not controlled.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Flat Welding Position (PA Position)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA welding position where the weld is performed from above, with the weld axis horizontal. This is the easiest and most controlled welding position.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Flux (Welding Flux)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA substance used in welding to protect the molten weld pool from contamination by removing oxides and preventing atmospheric exposure. Used in processes like submerged arc welding<\/strong> and flux-cored welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\nRead our full breakdown of the submerged arc welding process.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nFlux Cored Electrodes (FCAW Wire)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA tubular wire filled with flux material that provides shielding and improves weld quality. Commonly used in fabrication and structural welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Flux Voids<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nAreas within a flux-cored electrode where flux is missing, potentially leading to weld defects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Forging<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA manufacturing process where metal is shaped using compressive forces, often improving strength and grain structure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Forehand Welding (Push Technique)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA welding technique where the torch or gun is directed in the direction of travel, producing a flatter, wider weld bead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Friction Stir Welding (FSW)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA solid-state welding process where a rotating tool generates heat through friction to join materials without melting them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fuel Efficiency (Oxy-Fuel Welding)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA measure of how effectively fuel gas is used in welding or cutting operations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Full Annealing<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA heat treatment process that softens metal by heating it above its critical temperature and cooling it slowly to improve ductility and machinability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fumes (Welding Fumes)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nAirborne particles that are produced during welding or cutting. Proper extraction systems are essential for safety and compliance with HSE regulations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
See our range of fume extractors in stock now.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nFused Fluxes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nFluxes that are produced by melting raw materials, then cooling and crushing them into particles. Known for low moisture absorption and consistent performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fusion (Welding Fusion)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe process of melting and joining base metal (with or without filler metal) to form a weld.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fusion Zone<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe area of base metal that has melted and solidified during welding, forming part of the weld joint.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/a>Welding fume while MIG welding<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\nG<\/h3>\n\n\n\nPopular \u201cG\u201d welding terms:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
GMAW (MIG welding), GTAW (TIG welding), gas nozzle, gas regulator, globular transfer, groove angle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Galling<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA form of wear caused by friction between sliding metal surfaces, where material transfers and surfaces seize or tear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gas Ions<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nIonised shielding gas particles that help to conduct electricity and stabilise the welding arc between the electrode and workpiece.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gas Nozzle<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe component at the end of a welding torch that directs shielding gas to protect the weld pool from contamination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW\/MIG Welding)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA welding process where an electric arc forms between a continuously fed wire electrode and the workpiece. Shielding is provided by an external gas such as argon or CO\u2082. Commonly referred to as MIG welding<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\nSee our latest range of MIG welders for sale.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nGas Regulator<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA device used to control and maintain consistent gas pressure from a cylinder to the welding torch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW \/ TIG Welding)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA precise welding process using a non-consumable tungsten electrode and shielding gas. Commonly known as TIG welding<\/strong>, it produces clean, high-quality welds.<\/p>\n\n\n\nView all of our TIG welders in stock.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nGlobular Transfer<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA metal transfer mode in MIG welding where molten droplets detach irregularly and fall into the weld pool, often producing more spatter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Globular Transfer Mode<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA specific transfer type where the droplet size is larger than the electrode diameter and transfer is inconsistent, typically at medium currents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gray Iron (Grey Iron)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA cast iron containing 2\u20134% carbon, where carbon exists as graphite flakes, giving it good machinability but lower ductility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Groove Angle<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe total included angle between the prepared edges of a joint prior to welding. It affects penetration and weld quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H<\/h2>\n\n\n\nPopular \u201cH\u201d welding terms:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Heat-affected zone (HAZ), heat treatment, high frequency (HF), high alloy steel, hot crack, horizontal welding position, <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hadfield Steel<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA high-manganese austenitic steel known for its exceptional impact resistance and work hardening properties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hafnium<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA metal commonly used in plasma cutting electrodes due to its ability to withstand high temperatures and provide stable arc performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hardenable Steel<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nSteel that can be hardened through rapid cooling (quenching), increasing strength and wear resistance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hardening<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA heat treatment process where steel is heated and then rapidly cooled to increase hardness and strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Harsh Arc<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA welding arc that is unstable, noisy, and produces excessive spatter, often caused by incorrect settings or poor parameters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Heat Affected Zone (HAZ)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe area of base metal that does not melt during welding but undergoes structural changes due to heat. This zone can become brittle if cooled too quickly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Heat Shield<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA component at the front of a cutting or welding torch that provides electrical insulation and helps direct shielding gas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Heat Treatment<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nControlled heating and cooling of metals to alter their mechanical properties. Often used before or after welding (e.g. preheat or PWHT).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Related: heat treatment processes<\/em> guide<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Air Carbon Arc Cutting<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A cutting process that removes molten metal using a carbon electrode and a jet of compressed air. It is commonly used for gouging, weld removal, and surface preparation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Air Hardening<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Air hardening refers to steels that harden when cooled in air after being heated above a critical temperature. This process can increase strength but may be less effective on thicker materials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Allotropic<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A material is allotropic when it can exist in different crystal structures depending on temperature. This affects how metals behave during heating and cooling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Allotropic Change<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
An allotropic change is the transformation of a metal from one crystal structure to another, resulting in different physical properties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Alternating Current (AC)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Alternating current (AC) is an electrical current that changes direction periodically. In welding, it is commonly used for aluminium TIG welding due to its ability to manage oxide layers. An ampere (amp) is the unit used to measure electrical current. In welding, amperage directly affects heat input and weld penetration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Annealing is a heat treatment process where metal is heated and then slowly cooled to reduce hardness and relieve internal stresses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Annealing refers to the process of applying heat treatment to improve ductility, reduce brittleness, and make materials easier to machine or form. Arc blow occurs when magnetic forces deflect the welding arc, making it unstable and harder to control. It is more common when using direct current (DC).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Arc energy refers to the amount of heat generated during welding. It influences weld penetration, bead shape, and overall weld quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Arc length is the distance between the electrode and the workpiece. Maintaining the correct arc length is critical for consistent weld quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Arc time is the total time during which the welding arc is active while creating a weld.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Arc voltage is the electrical potential across the welding arc. It affects arc stability and weld bead characteristics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Arc welding is a group of welding processes that use an electric arc to join metals. It can be performed with or without filler material, depending on the method. An electrode is the component that conducts electrical current to the arc and may also supply filler material, depending on the welding process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A welding gun is used in processes like MIG welding to feed wire, transfer current, and direct shielding gas to the weld area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A welding torch is typically used in TIG welding to hold the electrode and control the arc and shielding gas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The structure of a metal in its original form after casting, before any further processing such as rolling or forging.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Describes the condition of a weld immediately after welding, before any additional treatments such as heat treatment or machining.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Austenite is a high-temperature crystal structure found in steel and certain alloys. It plays a key role in determining mechanical properties during heating and cooling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Back gouging, bevel, blowhole, brazing, base metal<\/p>\n\n\n\n Back gouging is the removal of weld metal from the reverse side of a joint to ensure full penetration and improve weld quality when welding from the opposite side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Backhand welding is a technique where the torch or welding gun is directed back towards the completed weld. It is often used for better control and penetration in certain applications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A backing ring is a support placed behind a weld joint, commonly used in pipe welding to help achieve proper penetration and consistent weld formation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Base metal is the material being welded, cut, or joined. Its composition determines the welding process, filler material, and settings required.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A bevel is an angled edge prepared on a workpiece to allow deeper weld penetration and stronger joints.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The bevel angle is the angle between the prepared edge of a material and a reference surface. It plays an important role in weld penetration and joint strength. Bevel cutting is a cutting technique where the torch is angled to create a sloped edge on the material, often used to prepare joints for welding. A bevel groove weld is a type of weld made in a joint where one or both pieces have been bevelled to allow full penetration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A binary alloy is a metal made from two elements. The combination of these elements affects strength, corrosion resistance, and weldability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A blowhole is a weld defect caused by trapped gas within the weld metal. It appears as small cavities and can weaken the weld if not controlled.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bonded fluxes are manufactured by combining powdered materials and baking them at low temperatures. They allow additional alloying elements to be added during welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Brazing is a metal joining process where a filler metal is melted and drawn into a joint without melting the base metals. It is commonly used for joining dissimilar materials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Brittleness is the tendency of a material to fracture suddenly without significant deformation. This can be a concern in weld quality and material selection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Buildup is the process of adding material to a surface to restore size, shape, or function. It is often used in repair or wear-resistant applications. Carbon steel, cladding, current, consumables, cracking<\/p>\n\n\n\n A carbide is a compound formed between carbon and another element, creating a very hard and wear-resistant material.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Carbide precipitation occurs when carbon atoms combine with metals (such as chromium) during heating and cooling, forming carbides at grain boundaries. This can affect corrosion resistance, particularly in stainless steels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Carbon steel is a widely used metal where strength and properties are primarily determined by its carbon content. It is commonly used in fabrication and welding applications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Case hardening is a heat treatment process that creates a hard outer surface while maintaining a softer, tougher core. The depth of hardness depends on treatment time. Cast steel is a metal that has been melted and poured into a mould, then cooled to form a solid shape.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cellulose is an organic compound used in some welding electrodes. It helps produce shielding gases and influences arc characteristics during welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cementite is a hard compound of iron and carbon (Fe\u2083C) found in steel. It contributes to hardness and brittleness in metal structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A chip test is a method used to identify metals by chipping the surface and observing the structure beneath.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A chopper is a type of plasma power source that uses semiconductor switching to efficiently control electrical output.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cladding is the process of applying a layer of material to a surface to improve corrosion resistance, wear resistance, or strength. A clear puddle refers to molten weld metal that is free from slag or instability, making it easier to control during the welding process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Coating concentricity refers to the evenness of the coating applied around an electrode core. Consistency is important for stable arc performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The coefficient of friction measures how easily one surface slides over another. Lower values indicate less resistance and wear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cold drawing is the process of pulling metal through a die to reduce its size at temperatures below its recrystallisation point.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cold rolling reduces the thickness of metal by passing it through rollers at low temperatures. Improving strength and surface finish.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cold working refers to permanently deforming metal below its recrystallisation temperature, increasing strength through work hardening.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Complete fusion occurs when the weld metal fully bonds with the base metal across the joint. Ensuring structural integrity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Complete joint penetration is when the weld extends through the full thickness of the joint. Creating maximum strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A composite electrode is made from multiple materials combined to improve weld properties such as stability, shielding, or strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Compressive strength is the ability of a material to resist forces that attempt to crush or compress it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A conductor is a material that allows electricity to flow easily. Metals are commonly used as conductors in welding systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A constant current (CC) power source maintains a steady amperage even when the voltage changes. It is commonly used in processes like stick welding. A constant voltage (CV) power source maintains a stable voltage while allowing current to vary. It is typically used in MIG welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A constricted arc is a focused plasma arc that is shaped by the nozzle, producing a narrow, high-energy cutting or welding stream.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Consumables are parts that wear out during welding or cutting, such as electrodes, nozzles, and shielding components.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A contact tip transfers electrical current to the welding wire in MIG or flux-cored welding systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A contact tube is a component that delivers electrical current to a continuous electrode.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Contact tube setback is the distance between the contact tip and the end of the nozzle. Affecting arc stability and performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A convex fillet weld has a curved outward surface, which can affect strength and stress distribution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Convexity refers to the height of a weld bead above the surface, measured from the weld face.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A covered electrode is a welding rod coated with flux to provide shielding, stabilise the arc, and improve weld quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A crack is a fracture in a weld or material that can compromise structural integrity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A crater is a small depression left at the end of a weld bead, which can lead to cracking if not properly filled.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Creep is the slow deformation of a material under prolonged stress, especially at high temperatures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The critical cooling rate is the speed at which metal must cool to achieve a specific microstructure, such as full hardening.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cryogenic temperatures refer to extremely low temperatures and are typically associated with liquefied gases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Welding current is the flow of electricity used to generate the arc. It directly affects penetration, heat input, and weld quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Current density is the amount of electrical current flowing through a given cross-sectional area. Higher density results in deeper penetration and a more concentrated arc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The cut angle is the angle created during cutting processes such as plasma cutting. It affects edge quality and weld preparation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cutting gas is directed through the torch to form a plasma or flame that enables cutting. It also helps remove molten material from the cut. A cylindrical nozzle design controls the flow of gas in cutting or welding equipment, affecting arc shape and performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n DCEN, DCEP, defect, dilution, distortion, duty cycle<\/p>\n\n\n\n DCEN is a welding setup where the electrode is negative, and the workpiece is positive. It provides deeper penetration and is commonly used in TIG welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n DCEP is a welding setup where the electrode is positive, and the workpiece is negative. It produces a wider, shallower weld and is often used in stick welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A defect is a flaw in a weld or material that prevents it from meeting required standards or specifications. Common examples include cracks, porosity, and lack of fusion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Deoxidisers are elements such as manganese, silicon, or aluminium added during welding to prevent oxygen from forming defects like porosity in the weld metal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Deposited metal is the filler material added during welding, brazing, or soldering to form the weld.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Deposition efficiency measures the quantity of the electrode material that becomes part of the weld, expressed as a percentage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The deposition rate refers to the amount of weld metal deposited over a period of time. Typically measured in weight per hour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The depth of bevel is the distance from the surface of the base metal to the root of the prepared edge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Depth of fusion refers to how deep the weld penetrates into the base metal or previous weld layer. Greater depth generally improves weld strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Digging describes an arc characteristic that produces strong penetration into the base metal, often seen with certain electrode types.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Dilution is the mixing of base metal with filler metal during welding. It affects the final chemical composition and properties of the weld.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Direct current is an electrical current that flows in one direction. In welding, it is widely used for stable arcs and controlled heat input.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A discontinuity is any irregularity in a material\u2019s structure. Not all discontinuities are defects, but they may affect performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Distortion is the unwanted change in shape caused by heat during welding. It occurs as the metal expands and contracts during heating and cooling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Divergency refers to the tapered section of a cutting nozzle that helps control gas flow and improve cutting speed and quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Double arcing occurs when the arc splits and attaches to both the nozzle and the workpiece, reducing cutting efficiency and potentially damaging equipment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Downhill welding is a technique where the weld progresses downward. It is often faster but requires control to maintain weld quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Drag is the offset between the entry and exit points of the cutting arc or gas stream. It is influenced by cutting speed, pressure, and material thickness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Drag angle is the angle between the cutting jet and the surface of the material. It affects cut quality and edge finish.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Dross is solidified molten metal that sticks to the edge of a cut. It often needs to be removed to achieve a clean finished result.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ductility is the ability of a material to deform without breaking. Materials with high ductility are less likely to crack under stress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Duty cycle refers to how long a welding machine can operate at a given output within a 10-minute period before needing to cool down. Edge preparation, electrode, elasticity, electrical stick-out, elongation<\/p>\n\n\n\n Edge preparation is the process of preparing the edges of materials before welding. This can include cutting, cleaning, or beveling to ensure proper fit-up and strong weld penetration. The effective throat is the minimum distance between the weld root and the face of a fillet weld, excluding any excess convexity. It is used to determine weld strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The elastic limit is the maximum stress a material can withstand without permanent deformation. Beyond this point, the material will not return to its original shape.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Elasticity is the ability of a material to return to its original shape after being deformed by a load.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Electrical stick-out is the distance between the contact tip and the unmelted end of the wire in welding. It affects heat input, penetration, and the shape of the weld bead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n An electrode is the component that carries electrical current to create the welding arc. In many processes, it also supplies filler material to form the weld.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Electrode coating is the layer applied to a welding rod that stabilises the arc, protects the weld pool from contamination, and improves weld quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The electrode core wire is the metal wire at the centre of a coated electrode. Its diameter determines the electrode size.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Electrode extension is the length of wire extending beyond the contact tip. It influences heat input and welding performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n An electrode holder is a device used to grip the electrode and conduct electrical current during welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n An electron is a negatively charged particle that moves around the nucleus of an atom. The movement of electrons creates an electrical current.<\/p>\n\n\n\n An element is a basic substance that cannot be broken down further. Metals used in welding are often combinations of multiple elements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Elongation measures how much a material can stretch before breaking. It is usually expressed as a percentage of the original length.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The endurance limit is the maximum stress a material can withstand repeatedly without failing over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n An erratic arc is unstable and difficult to control, often resulting in inconsistent weld quality and poor bead formation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A eutectic alloy is a mixture of metals that melts and solidifies at a single, lower temperature than its individual components.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Extrusion is a manufacturing process where material is forced through a shaped die to create a specific cross-section.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Fillet weld, filler metal, flux, fusion, fatigue failure, flat welding position.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The weld face is the visible surface of a weld bead between the weld toes. It plays a key role in weld profile, strength, and inspection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A weld test where the weld face is placed on the outer (convex) side during bending to assess ductility and detect surface defects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Excess weld metal deposited above the surface of the base material on the weld face. Controlled reinforcement can improve strength, but too much may require grinding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Failure of a material caused by repeated or cyclic loading, often occurring below the material\u2019s ultimate tensile strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The maximum stress a material can withstand indefinitely without failure under repeated loading conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The ability of a material to resist failure under cyclic or fluctuating stresses over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A soft, ductile crystal structure found in low-carbon steels at room temperature, contributing to formability and toughness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A small amount of ferrite in austenitic weld metal can improve crack resistance by refining the grain structure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A standardised measure of ferrite content in stainless steel weld metal, used to predict weld performance and crack resistance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Metals that contain iron, including carbon steel, alloy steels, and stainless steels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The metal that\u2019s added during welding, brazing, or soldering to form the joint.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Filler metal that\u2019s supplied as a wire, typically used in MIG, TIG, and automated welding processes. Wire type and diameter depend on the application.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A weld with a triangular cross-section that\u2019s used to join surfaces at right angles, commonly found in T-joints, lap joints, and corner joints.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The distance from the root of the joint to the toe of the fillet weld.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The dimensions of a fillet weld; typically defined by its leg length or throat thickness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A thermal spraying process where material is melted using an oxy-fuel flame and projected onto a surface for coating or repair.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A dangerous condition in which the flame travels back into the torch, potentially causing equipment damage or explosion if not controlled.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A welding position where the weld is performed from above, with the weld axis horizontal. This is the easiest and most controlled welding position.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A substance used in welding to protect the molten weld pool from contamination by removing oxides and preventing atmospheric exposure. Used in processes like submerged arc welding<\/strong> and flux-cored welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Read our full breakdown of the submerged arc welding process.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n A tubular wire filled with flux material that provides shielding and improves weld quality. Commonly used in fabrication and structural welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Areas within a flux-cored electrode where flux is missing, potentially leading to weld defects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A manufacturing process where metal is shaped using compressive forces, often improving strength and grain structure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A welding technique where the torch or gun is directed in the direction of travel, producing a flatter, wider weld bead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A solid-state welding process where a rotating tool generates heat through friction to join materials without melting them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A measure of how effectively fuel gas is used in welding or cutting operations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A heat treatment process that softens metal by heating it above its critical temperature and cooling it slowly to improve ductility and machinability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Airborne particles that are produced during welding or cutting. Proper extraction systems are essential for safety and compliance with HSE regulations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n See our range of fume extractors in stock now.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Fluxes that are produced by melting raw materials, then cooling and crushing them into particles. Known for low moisture absorption and consistent performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The process of melting and joining base metal (with or without filler metal) to form a weld.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The area of base metal that has melted and solidified during welding, forming part of the weld joint.<\/p>\n\n\n\n GMAW (MIG welding), GTAW (TIG welding), gas nozzle, gas regulator, globular transfer, groove angle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A form of wear caused by friction between sliding metal surfaces, where material transfers and surfaces seize or tear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ionised shielding gas particles that help to conduct electricity and stabilise the welding arc between the electrode and workpiece.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The component at the end of a welding torch that directs shielding gas to protect the weld pool from contamination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A welding process where an electric arc forms between a continuously fed wire electrode and the workpiece. Shielding is provided by an external gas such as argon or CO\u2082. Commonly referred to as MIG welding<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n See our latest range of MIG welders for sale.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n A device used to control and maintain consistent gas pressure from a cylinder to the welding torch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A precise welding process using a non-consumable tungsten electrode and shielding gas. Commonly known as TIG welding<\/strong>, it produces clean, high-quality welds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n View all of our TIG welders in stock.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n A metal transfer mode in MIG welding where molten droplets detach irregularly and fall into the weld pool, often producing more spatter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A specific transfer type where the droplet size is larger than the electrode diameter and transfer is inconsistent, typically at medium currents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A cast iron containing 2\u20134% carbon, where carbon exists as graphite flakes, giving it good machinability but lower ductility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The total included angle between the prepared edges of a joint prior to welding. It affects penetration and weld quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Heat-affected zone (HAZ), heat treatment, high frequency (HF), high alloy steel, hot crack, horizontal welding position, <\/p>\n\n\n\n A high-manganese austenitic steel known for its exceptional impact resistance and work hardening properties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A metal commonly used in plasma cutting electrodes due to its ability to withstand high temperatures and provide stable arc performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Steel that can be hardened through rapid cooling (quenching), increasing strength and wear resistance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A heat treatment process where steel is heated and then rapidly cooled to increase hardness and strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A welding arc that is unstable, noisy, and produces excessive spatter, often caused by incorrect settings or poor parameters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The area of base metal that does not melt during welding but undergoes structural changes due to heat. This zone can become brittle if cooled too quickly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A component at the front of a cutting or welding torch that provides electrical insulation and helps direct shielding gas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Controlled heating and cooling of metals to alter their mechanical properties. Often used before or after welding (e.g. preheat or PWHT).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
View AC\/DC TIG welders<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nAmpere<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Anneal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Annealing<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Explore pre- and post-weld heat treatment equipment<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nArc Blow<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Arc Energy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Arc Length<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Arc Time<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Arc Voltage<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Arc Welding<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Browse arc welding machines for sale<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nArc Welding Electrode<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Arc Welding Gun<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Arc Welding Torch<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
As-Cast Structure<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
As-Welded<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Austenite<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
<\/a>B<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Popular \u201cB\u201d welding terms:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Back Gouging<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Backhand Welding<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Backing Ring<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Base Metal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Bevel<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Bevel Angle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Common in plasma cutting and edge preparation, view our range of bevelling equipment.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nBevel Cutting<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Explore plasma cutting solutions<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nBevel Groove Weld<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Binary Alloy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Blowhole<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Bonded Fluxes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Braze<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Brittleness<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Buildup<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Related: cladding and hard-facing<\/em> guide.<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\nC<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Popular \u201cC\u201d welding terms:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Carbide<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Carbide Precipitation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Carbon Steel<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Case Hardening<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Related: heat treatment equipment<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nCast Steel<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cellulose<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cementite<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Chip Test<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Chopper<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cladding<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Used with weld cladding and overlay machines<\/em>.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\nClear Puddle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Coating Concentricity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Coefficient of Friction<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cold Drawing<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cold Rolling<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cold Working<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Complete Fusion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Complete Joint Penetration<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Composite Electrode<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Compressive Strength<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Conductor<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Constant Current<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Explore welding power sources<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nConstant Voltage<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Constricted Arc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Consumables<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Contact Tip<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Contact Tube<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Contact Tube Setback<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Convex Fillet Weld<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Convexity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Covered Electrode<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Crack<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Crater<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Creep<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Critical Cooling Rate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cryogenic Temperatures<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Current (Welding Current)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Current Density<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cut Angle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cutting Gas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Read more in our guide.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nCylindrical Nozzle Design<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
<\/a>D<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Popular \u201cD\u201d welding terms:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
DCEN (Direct Current Electrode Negative)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
DCEP (Direct Current Electrode Positive)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Defect<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Deoxidisers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Deposited Metal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Deposition Efficiency<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Deposition Rate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Depth of Bevel<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Depth of Fusion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Digging<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Dilution<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Direct Current (DC)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Discontinuity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Distortion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Divergency<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Double Arcing<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Downhill Welding<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Drag<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Drag Angle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Dross<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Ductility<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Duty Cycle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Learn more about welding machine duty cycles<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nE<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Popular \u201cE\u201d welding terms:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Edge Preparation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Used with pipe saws, bevelling machines and edge prep tools<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nEffective Throat<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Elastic Limit<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Elasticity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Electrical Stick-Out (Electrode Stick Out)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Electrode<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Electrode Coating<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Electrode Core Wire<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Electrode Extension<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Electrode Holder<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Electron<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Element<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Elongation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Endurance Limit<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Erratic Arc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Eutectic Alloy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Extrusion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
F<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Popular \u201cF\u201d welding terms: <\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Face (Weld Face)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Face Bend Test<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Face Reinforcement<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Fatigue Failure<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Fatigue Limit<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Fatigue Strength<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Ferrite<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Ferrite in Austenitic Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Ferrite Number (FN)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Ferrous Metals<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Filler Metal<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Filler Wire<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Fillet Weld<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Fillet Weld Leg<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Fillet Weld Size<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Flame Spraying (FLSP)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Flashback<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Flat Welding Position (PA Position)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Flux (Welding Flux)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Flux Cored Electrodes (FCAW Wire)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Flux Voids<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Forging<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Forehand Welding (Push Technique)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Friction Stir Welding (FSW)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Fuel Efficiency (Oxy-Fuel Welding)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Full Annealing<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Fumes (Welding Fumes)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Fused Fluxes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Fusion (Welding Fusion)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Fusion Zone<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
<\/a>G<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Popular \u201cG\u201d welding terms:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Galling<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Gas Ions<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Gas Nozzle<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW\/MIG Welding)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Gas Regulator<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW \/ TIG Welding)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Globular Transfer<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Globular Transfer Mode<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Gray Iron (Grey Iron)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Groove Angle<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
H<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Popular \u201cH\u201d welding terms:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Hadfield Steel<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Hafnium<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Hardenable Steel<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Hardening<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Harsh Arc<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Heat Affected Zone (HAZ)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Heat Shield<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Heat Treatment<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n