Acceptable Weld – <\/strong>A weld that meets the applicable requirements<\/p>\n\n\n\n Actual Throat – <\/strong>The shortest distance between the weld root and the face of a fillet weld.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Aging – <\/strong>Process of holding metals or alloys at room temperature after subjecting them to shaping or heat treatment<\/a>. For increasing dimensional stability or to improve their hardness and strength through structural changes, as by precipitation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Air Carbon Arc <\/strong>Cutting – <\/strong>A carbon arc cutting process variation that removes molten metal with a jet of air.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Air Hardening – <\/strong>Characteristic of a steel that it becomes partially or fully hardened (martensitic) when cooled in air from above its critical point. Allotropic – <\/strong>A material in which the atoms are capable of transforming into two or more crystalline structures at different temperatures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Allotropic Change – <\/strong>Change from one crystal structure of a metal to another that has different physical properties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Alternating – <\/strong>An electrical current which alternately travels in either direction in a Current conductor. Ampere – <\/strong>Unit of electrical rate of flow. Amperage is commonly referred to as the \u201ccurrent<\/em>\u201d in an electrical circuit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Anneal – <\/strong>The process of heating a metal to a temperature below the critical range, followed by a relatively slow cooling cycle to induce softness and remove stresses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Annealing – <\/strong>Subjected to heat treatment. This usually involves heating, followed by relatively slow cooling of metals or alloys. Arbide <\/strong>– <\/em><\/strong>The chemical combination of carbon with some other element. A metallic carbide takes the form of very hard crystals.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n Arc Blow <\/strong>– Welding with direct current may set up a magnetic field in the steel plate being welded. This magnetic field causes the arc to flutter and blow, creating difficulty in controlling the arc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Arc Energy – <\/strong>References burn-off characteristics. Moderate arc energy is typical of Atom Arc. A 316L electrode has lower arc energy than a 7018 where as a 6010 has more.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Arc Length – <\/strong>The distance from the electrode to the attachment point on the workpiece.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Arc Time – <\/strong>The time during which an arc is maintained in making an arc weld.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Arc Voltage – <\/strong>The voltage across the welding arc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Arc Weld Deposition Efficiency – <\/strong>The ratio of the weight of filler metal deposited in the weld to the weight of filler metal melted, expressed in percent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Arc Welding – <\/strong>A group of welding processes that produces coalescence of workpieces by heating them with an arc. The processes are used with or without the application of pressure and with or without filler metal. Westermans offers a range of industrial arc welding power sources<\/a> for Worldwide delivery<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Arc Welding Electrode – <\/strong>A component of the welding circuit through which current is conducted and that terminates at the arc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Arc Welding Gun – <\/strong>A device used to transfer current to a continuously fed consumable electrode, guide the electrode, and direct the shielding gas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Arc Welding Torch – <\/strong>A device used to transfer current to a fixed welding electrode, position the electrode and direct the flow of shielding gas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n As Cast Structures –<\/strong> <\/em><\/strong>The crystalline structure before stress relief through rolling or hammer forging.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n As Welded – <\/strong>Pertaining to the condition of weld metal, welded joints, and weldments after welding, but prior to any subsequent thermal, mechanical or chemical treatments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Austenite <\/strong>– High temperature crystal structure of carbon steel or the room temperature Back-gouging – <\/strong>The removal of weld metal and base metal from the weld root side of a welded joint to facilitate complete fusion and complete joint penetration upon subsequent welding from that side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Backhand Welding – <\/strong>A welding technique in which the welding torch or gun flame is directed towards the finished weld.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Backing Ring – <\/strong>Backing in the form of a ring, generally used in the welding of pipe<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Base Metal – <\/strong>The metal or alloy that is welded, brazed, soldered, or cut.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bevel – <\/strong>An angular edge shape.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bevel Angle \u2013 <\/strong>The angle formed between the cut surface and a theoretical plane perpendicular to the plate surface. Plasma arc cutting<\/a> tends to remove more metal from the top than from the bottom, producing a cut angle. (Also referred to as cut angle).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bevel Cutting – <\/strong>A plasma arc cutting technique that uses a tilted torch to produce an angle on the edge of parts being cut.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bevel Groove Weld – <\/strong>A type of groove weld.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Binary Alloy <\/strong>– <\/em><\/strong>An alloy composed of two elements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Blowhole – <\/strong>A defect in metal caused by hot metal cooling too rapidly when excessive gaseous content is present. Specifically, in welding, a gas pocket in the weld metal resulting from the hot metal solidifying without all of the gases having escaped to the surface.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bonded Fluxes – <\/strong>Bonded fluxes are manufactured by binding an assortment of powder together and then baking at a low temperature. The major advantage is that additional alloying ingredients can be added to the mixture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Braze – <\/strong>A weld produced by heating an assembly to the brazing temperature using a filler metal having a liquidus above 450 deg C (840 deg F) and below the solidus of the base metal. The filler metal is distributed between the closely fitted faying surfaces of the joint by capillary action.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Brittleness – <\/em> <\/strong>The tendency of a material to fail suddenly by breaking, without any permanent deformation of the material before failure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Buildup – <\/strong>A surfacing variation in which surfacing material is deposited to achieve the required dimensions. See also buttering, cladding<\/a> and hard-facing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Carbide – <\/strong>The chemical combination of carbon with some other element. A metallic carbide takes the form of very hard crystals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Carbide Precipitation – <\/strong>As a result of prolonged heating or of slow cooling after partial or full transformation, atoms of carbon and a metallic element migrate to the grain boundaries. The atoms here gather and combine as carbides. In high chromium alloys, the affinity (attraction) of chromium and carbon for each other leads to the formation of a thin inter-granular layer of chromium carbides.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Carbide Precipitation <\/strong>– The formation of chromium carbide in austenitic stainless steel that allows inter-granular corrosion in corrosive service.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Carbon Steel – <\/strong>Steel whose physical properties are chiefly the result of the percentage of carbon contained in it; and iron-carbon alloy in which the carbon is the most important constituent, ranging from 0.04%-1.40%. It is also referred to as plain carbon steel or straight carbon steel. Minor elements also present in carbon steel include manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, and usually silicon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Casehardening – <\/strong>A heat-treatment<\/a> process, applied to steel or iron-carbon alloys, by which a harder outside is obtained over a softer interior; depth or increased hardness depends upon length of treatment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cast of Continuous Welding Electrodes <\/strong>– The diameter of the circle a length of the electrode assumes when lying free on a smooth surface.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cast steel – <\/strong>Molten steel cooled and solidified in a mold.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cellulose <\/strong>– A chemical of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. As used in mild steel electrode coatings, it consists of wood pulp or flour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cementite – <\/strong>Chemical compound of iron and carbon, containing 93.33% iron combined with 6.67% carbon by weight; also called iron carbide. Chemical formula for cementite is Fe3C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Chip Test \u2013 <\/strong>A test used to identify a metal. The metal is chipped off using a cold chisel and hammer. The resulting underlying pattern in the metal is unique to several classes of ferrous metals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Chopper \u2013 <\/strong>A high performance plasma arc power source design using semiconductor switching techniques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cladding – <\/strong>A surfacing variation that deposits or applies surfacing material usually to improve corrosion or heat resistance, applied using a weld cladding or overlay machine<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Clear Puddle – <\/strong>A puddle the is not crowded by slag or an erratic arc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Coating Concentricity – <\/strong>Refers to equal coating thickness on the core wire\/rod.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Coefficient of Friction – <\/strong>A value used in engineering calculations which is an indicator of the ability of one material to slide on another. A low coefficient of friction indicates a low rate of wear between sliding surfaces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cold Drawing – <\/strong>Reducing the cross-section of a metal by pulling it through a die while its temperature is below the re-crystallization temperature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cold Rolling – <\/strong>Reducing the cross-section of a metal by means of a rolling mill while the metal is cold or below its re-crystallization temperature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cold Working – <\/strong>The permanent deformation or crystal distortion of a metal below its lowest temperature of re-crystallization, resulting in work hardening.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Complete Fusion – <\/strong>Fusion over the entire fusion faces and between all adjoining weld beads.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Complete Joint Penetration – <\/strong>A joint root condition in a groove weld in which weld metal extends through the joint thickness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Complete Joint Penetration Weld \u2013 <\/strong>A groove weld in which weld metal extends through the joint thickness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Composite Electrode – <\/strong>A filler metal electrode used in arc welding, consisting of more than one metal component combined mechanically. It may or may not include materials which protect the molten metal from the atmosphere, improve the properties of the weld metal or stabilise the arc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Compressive Strength – <\/strong>The resistance of a material to a force which is tending to deform or fail it by crushing<\/p>\n\n\n\n Conductor – <\/strong>A material which has a relatively large number of loosely bonded electrons which may move freely when voltage (electrical pressure) is applied. Metals are good conductors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Constant Current – <\/strong>(As applied to welding machines.) A welding power source<\/a> which will produce a relatively small change in amperage despite changes in voltage caused by a varying arc length. Used mostly for welding with coated electrodes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Constant Current Power Source – <\/strong>An arc welding power source with a volt ampere relationship yielding a small welding current change from a large arc voltage change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Constant Voltage – <\/strong>(As applied to welding machines) A welding power source which will produce a relatively small change in voltage when the amperage is changed substantially. Used mostly for welding with solid or flux cored electrodes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Constant Voltage Power Source – <\/strong>An arc welding power source<\/a> with a volt-ampere relationship yielding a large welding current change from a small arc voltage change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Constricted Arc – <\/strong>A plasma arc column that is shaped by the constricting orifice in the nozzle of the plasma arc torch or plasma spraying gun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Consumables \u2013 <\/strong>Torch parts that are eroded or otherwise worn during normal cutting<\/a> or gouging operations, such as, electrodes, nozzles, shields, caps and swirl rings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Contact Tip <\/strong>– That part of a gas metal arc welding<\/a> gun or flux cored arc welding<\/a> gun that transfers the welding current to the welding wire immediately before the wire enters the arc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Contact Tube – <\/strong>A device that transfers current to a continuous electrode.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Contact Tube Setback – <\/strong>The distance from the contact tube to the end of the gas nozzle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Convex Fillet Weld – <\/strong>A fillet weld having a convex face.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Convexity – <\/strong>The maximum distance from the face of a convex fillet weld perpendicular to a line joining the weld toes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Covered Electrode – <\/strong>A composite filler metal electrode consisting of a core of a bare electrode or metal cored electrode to which a covering sufficient to provide a slag layer on the weld metal has been applied. The covering may contain materials providing such functions as shielding from the atmosphere, de-oxidation, and arc stabilisation, and can serve as a source of metallic additions to the weld.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Crack – <\/strong>A fracture type discontinuity characterised by a sharp tip and high ratio of length and width to opening displacement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Crater – <\/strong>A depression in the weld face at the termination of a weld bead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Creep – <\/strong>The slow deformation (for example, elongation) of a metal under prolonged stress. Not to be confused with deformation which results immediately upon application of a stress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Critical Cooling Rate – <\/strong>A rate of cooling that is fast enough to transform austenite into 100% martensite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cryogenic Temperatures <\/strong>– Extremely low temperatures usually associated with liquified gases in the range of -100\u00b0F to -400\u00b0F.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Current (Weld) – <\/strong>The amount of electric charge flowing past a specified circuit point per unit time. Current is the main parameter for welding and has to be chosen to plate thickness and welding speed with respect to the weld quality. The weld current affects penetration and deposition rate. A high current results in a higher and narrower weld with a greater penetration depth. Too high a welding current can result in undercuts, an uneven weld convexity, burn-through, thermal cracking, an inappropriate merging angle with the body material and undercutting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Current Density <\/strong>\u2013 A measure of the degree of arc constriction achieved with a plasma torch. The amperes per square inch of a cross-sectional area of an electrode. High current density results in high electrode melt-off rate and a concentrated, deep penetrating arc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cut Angle – <\/strong>The angle formed between the cut surface and a theoretical plane perpendicular to the plate surface. Plasma arc cutting tends to remove more metal from the top than from the bottom, producing a cut angle. (Also referred to as bevel angle, or Kerf).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cutting Gas \u2013 <\/strong>A gas<\/a> directed into the torch to surround the electrode, which becomes ionised by the arc to form a plasma and issues from the torch nozzle as a plasma jet. (Also referred to as plasma gas or orifice gas).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cylindrical Nozzle Design – <\/strong>A simple cylindrical metering orifice. These are operated at 25-60 psig depending on manufacture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n DCEN – <\/strong>The arrangement of direct current arc welding leads in which the electrode is the negative pole and workpiece is the positive pole of the welding arc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n DCEP – <\/strong>The arrangement of direct current arc welding leads in which the electrode is the positive pole and the workpiece is the negative pole of the welding arc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Defect – <\/strong>A discontinuity or discontinuities that by nature or accumulated effected (for example total crack length) render a part or product unable to meet minimum applicable acceptance standards or specifications. The term designates rejectability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Deoxidisers – <\/strong>Elements, such as manganese, silicon, aluminium, titanium, and zirconium, used in welding electrodes and wires to prevent oxygen from forming harmful oxides and porosity in weld metal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Deposited Metal – <\/strong>Filler metal that has been added during welding, brazing or soldering.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Deposition Efficiency <\/strong>– The relationship of the electrode used to the amount of the weld metal deposited, expressed in percent, i.e.; DE = Weight of Weld Metal \u00f7 Weight of Electrode Used<\/p>\n\n\n\n Deposition Rate <\/strong>– The weight of weld metal deposited compared to the time of welding. It is usually expressed in pounds per hour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Depth of Bevel – <\/strong>The perpendicular distance from the base metal surface to the root edge or the beginning of the root face.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Depth of Fusion – <\/strong>The distance that fusion extends into the base metal or previous bead from the surface melted during welding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Digging – <\/strong>Refers to the arc characteristics that you normally see with a 6010 electrode. A \u201cdigging\u201d arc is one in which you can see parent metal being penetrated at the arc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Dilution – <\/strong>The change in chemical composition of a welding filler metal caused by the admixture of the base metal or previous weld metal in the weld bead. It is measured by the percentage of base metal or previous weld metal in the weld bead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Direct Current – <\/strong>An electrical current which flows in only one direction in a conductor. Direction of current is dependent upon the electrical connections to the battery or other DC power source. Terminals on all DC devices are usually marked (+) or (-). Reversing the leads will reverse the direction of current flow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Discontinuity – <\/strong>An interruption of the typical structure of a material, such as a lack of homogeneity in its mechanical, metallurgical, or physical characteristics. A discontinuity is not necessarily a defect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Distortion \u2013 <\/strong>All fusion welding methods produce the weld by moving a molten pool along the weld joint. When the heated metal cools the shrinkage introduces distortion in (or a change in the shape of) the welded structure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Divergency – <\/strong>The tapered part of the oxygen bore directly behind the throat in high pressure (high speed) nozzle designs. The divergency allows the high pressure to become close to atmospheric before it leaves the nozzle. This increases stream velocity and improves cut quality by keeping stream uniform. The increased velocity produces 10\u201315% higher cutting speeds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Double Arcing \u2013 <\/strong>A condition in which the welding or cutting arc of a plasma arc torch does not pass through the constricting orifice but transfers to the inside surface of the nozzle. A secondary arc is simultaneously established between the outside surface of the nozzle and the workpiece.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Downhill – <\/strong>Welding with a downward progression.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Drag \u2013 <\/strong>The offset distance between the entrance and exit points of the gas stream on the plate being cut, measured on the cut edge. Drag will increase and decrease with varying conditions such as speed, oxygen pressure, plate thickness, oxygen purity, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Drag Angle \u2013 <\/strong>The angle between the impinging jet stream centreline and a direction perpendicular to the plate surface.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Dross \u2013 <\/strong>Re-solidified molten metal and oxides adhering to the top or bottom edge during thermal cutting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ductility – <\/strong>The ability of a material to become permanently deformed without failure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Duty Cycle \u2013 <\/strong>A power source specification describing the percentage of time a system can be operated at a given current level, based on a ten minute cycle. Read an in-depth overview about duty cycle here<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.westermans.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/westermans-international-abbott-co-cypress-circle-burner.webp\")
<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\nA Cont.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Not necessarily applicable when the object to be hardened has considerable thickness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In 60 cycles per second (60 Hz) AC, the frequency used in the U.S.A., the current direction reverses 120 times every second. Commonly used for TIG aluminium welding, in an ACDC TIG welder<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Used for decreasing hardness and increasing the ease of machining or the cold-working characteristics.
Annealing may be used to (a) remove effects of strain hardening resulting from cold work, (b) remove stresses found in castings, forgings, weldments and cold-worked metals, (c) improve machinability and cold-working characteristics, (d) improve mechanical and physical properties by changing the internal structure. For example, by grain refinement, and to increase the uniformity of the structure and correct segregation, banding, and other structural characteristics.
See our range of used pre and post heat welding systems for sale<\/a> here.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
structure of chrome-nickel steel.<\/p>\n\n\n\nB<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
C<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\nD<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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